Abstract
A recrystallized solvate of enrofloxacin in the form of hydrochloride dihydrate (enro-C) has shown a greater bioavailability in other species and a higher solubility in water compared to standard enrofloxacin. This led to define the pharmacokinetics (PK) of enro-C in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus), when administered as in-feed medication, either by the addition of enro-C during food pelleting (T2) or by the coating of pre-manufactured pellets with a gelatin suspension containing enro-C (T1). T1 and T2 were both prepared with 3000 mg of enro-C/kg of feed, and a total dose of 10 mg/kg based on feed consumption. The trial was carried out in fresh water tanks, collecting blood samples twelve times during 70 h (three repetitions with five tilapias per sampling time). Maximum plasma concentrations (CMAX) for T1 and T2 were 1.35 ± 0.55 μg/mL and 1.92 ± 0.26 μg/mL, respectively. The time to achieve CMAX (TMAX) occurred almost simultaneously at 6.5 h. The area under the plasma vs time concentrations (AUC0-24) were 25.41 ± 24 μg/mL/h and 57.91 ± 30 μg/mL/h for T1 and T2, respectively. MIC data from available literature indicate that PK/PD ratios (CMAX/MIC90 and AUC0-24/MIC90) are higher in T2 compared to T1 in tilapia. Results indicate that the customary dose of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) using enro-C reaches, in particular, higher values of CMAX and AUC0-24. Thus, based on these results, it is feasible to propose enro-C for the treatment of bacterial diseases in tilapia, preferably as was done in T2. However, before this happens, toxicity and drug-residue studies, as well as environmental and public health issues, must be resolved.
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA). Official Mexican Standard (NOM-062-ZOO-1999), [cited 2018 January 30]. Available from: http://www.fmvz.unam.mx/fmvz/principal/archivos/062ZOO.PDF
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the skillful definition of the new crystal form of enrofloxacin (enro-C) carried out at The School of Chemistry, Trinity College; Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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This project was partially supported by CONACyT, project No. 203.
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Authors have no conflict of interests. The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), owner of the patent, is open to licensing of enro-C.
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Estrada-San Agustín, E., Gutiérrez, L., Bernad, M. et al. Pharmacokinetics of two dosing forms of a recrystallized enrofloxacin as hydrochloride dihydrate in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquacult Int 27, 849–857 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00371-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00371-9