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Farm-level pathways to food security: beyond missing markets and irrational peasants

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Abstract

Development projects in Sub-Saharan Africa propose to alleviate hunger in rural areas by introducing new agricultural practices and technologies, yet there is limited empirical evidence of how an agricultural intervention can lead farming households to transition to food security. Research on food security pathways considers agricultural interventions that increase farmers’ income to be particularly effective for reducing food insecurity. Consistent with this stance, Malawian agricultural policy aims to address hunger by encouraging smallholder farmers to intensify and commercialize maize production. This paper explores if smallholders’ market and livelihood orientations do indeed lead them to favor an income pathway to food security. Qualitative analysis of 60 smallholder farmer interviews in Malawi found that, upon achieving improvements in production yields and diversity, rather than commercialize, many farmers re-organized their production and consumption to reduce market dependency. Farmers deployed this strategy to increase their food security, explaining that the choice to self-provision food and farming inputs was both an expression of farming identity and a lived understanding of their marginal position in commodity markets. The author finds that, in failing to consider how production relations affect food access, scholarship inadequately theorizes farm-level food security transitions and reproduces discursive framings of hunger. Food sovereignty narratives more accurately captured what mattered for Malawian smallholders’ food security, suggesting that engagement with this concept could improve scientific understandings of food security transitions.

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Abbreviations

AGRA:

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa

PAR:

Participatory action research

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Acknowledgements

This paper is based on data from the long-term work of the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities organization in Malawi who received funding from the Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation. This research was also funded by Engaged Cornell, the Bradfield Research Grant, and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. These sponsors have had no role in the study design, data analysis and interpretation, writing the paper, and the decision to submit the paper for publication. The author would like to thank six anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.

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Madsen, S. Farm-level pathways to food security: beyond missing markets and irrational peasants. Agric Hum Values 39, 135–150 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10234-w

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