Abstract
Agroforestry systems such as Taungya are sustainable alternatives for the recovery of degraded areas and profitability with commercial plantations, providing improvements in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this context, African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) emerges as an important forest species in Brazil, with the potential for intercropping. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and economic return from the Taungya system compared to K. ivorensis monoculture in a degraded area in the humid tropics. Three planting systems were studied: T1, monoculture (K. ivorensis); T2, K. ivorensis + 1st cycle with Zea mays + 2nd cycle with Manihot esculenta; T3, K. ivorensis + 1st cycle with Vigna unguiculata + 2nd cycle with Zea mays. The survival, growth, and relative increments in plant height and stem diameter were determined for the three management systems. Productivity of the agricultural crops was quantified, and bacteriological analyses of the soil and economic systems were performed. The Taungya system with bean and corn crops provided greater growth of K. ivorensis, in addition to a greater density of total bacteria in the soil and provided a higher level of soil conditioning. In these systems, the cultivation and sale of agricultural crops can amortize the total cost of planting and maintenance of plantations with forest species, especially if family labor is considered. However, the completion of additional agricultural cycles may further amortize these investments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abas EL, Corpuz O, Cabilo LD (2015) Light regime under Eucalyptus deglupta as hedgerows and its effect on intercropped Zea mays. Am J Agric For 3:19–29
Akoto DS, Partey ST, Denich M, Kwaku M, Borgemeister C, Schmitt CB (2020) Towards bamboo agroforestry development in Ghana: evaluation of crop performance, soil properties and economic benefit. Agrofor Syst 94:1759–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00493-7
Bado BV, Whitbread A, Manzo MLS (2021) Improving agricultural productivity using agroforestry systems: performance of millet, cowpea, and ziziphus-based cropping systems in West Africa Sahel. Agric Ecosyst Environ 305:107175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107175
Beshir B, Amsalu B, Dagmawit T, Selamawit K, Teamir M, Bezawit Y (2019) Cowpea production, marketing and utilization in Ethiopia. Research report 121 Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research 7–32
Bunt JS, Rovira AD (1955) Microbiological studies of some subantartic soils. J Soil Sci Oxf 6:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1955.tb00836.x
Casaroli D, Rosa FO, Alves Júnior J, Evangelista AWP (2017) Phenology of African mahogany plants submitted to irrigation. Comun Sci 8:239–246. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i2.1301
Chagas JM, Braga JM, Vieira C, Salgado LT, Junqueira Neto A, Araújo GAA, Andrade MJB, Lana RMQ, Ribeiro AC (1999) Feijão In: Ribeiro AC, Guimarães PTG, Alvarez Venegas VH. Recomendações para o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes em Minas Gerais. CFSEMG 5:306–307
FAO (2014) World reference base for soil resources. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
Freire FM, França GE, Vasconcellos CA, Filho IAP, Alves VMC, Pitta GVE (1999) Milho In: Ribeiro AC, Guimarães PTG, Alvarez VH Recomendações para o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes em Minas Gerais. CFSEMG. 5:312–313
Karmini K, Sarminah S, Karyati K (2017) Economic analysis of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) as intercropping plants in two agroforestry systems. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers 18:483–493. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180206
Kay S, Graves A, Palma JH, Moreno G, Roces-Díaz JV, Aviron S, Chouvardas D, Crous-Duran J, Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Jalón SG, Măcicăşan V, Mosquera-Losada MR, Pantera A, Santiago FJJ, Torralba M, Burgess PJ, Herzog F (2019) Agroforestry is paying off–economic evaluation of ecosystem services in European landscapes with and without agroforestry systems. Ecosyst Serv 36:100896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100896
Labata MM, Aranico EC, Tabaranza ACE, Patricio JHP, Amparado RF Jr (2012) Carbon stock assessment of three selected agroforestry systems in Bukidnon, Philippines. Adv Environ Sci 4:5–11
Lopes MA, Lima ALR, Carvalho FDM, Reis RP, Santos ÍC, Saraiva FH (2004) Effect of the type of breeding system on the economical results of milk production systems in Lavras region (MG). Ciênc Agrotecnol 28:1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542004000500028
Martinelli GC, Schlindwein MM, Padovan MP, Vogel E, Ruviaro CF (2019) Environmental performance of agroforestry systems in the Cerrado biome, Brazil. World Dev 122:339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.003
Misganaw CD, Bayou WD (2020) Tuber yield and yield component performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties in Fafen District, Ethiopia. Int J Agron 20:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5836452
Musokwa M, Mafongoya P, Lorentz S (2018) Evaluation of agroforestry systems for maize (Zea mays) productivity in South Africa. S Afr J Plant Soil 36:65–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2018.1459898
Nogueira FD, Gomes JC (1999) Mandioca In: Ribeiro AC, Guimarães PTG, Alvarez Venegas VH Recomendações para o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes em Minas Gerais. CFSEMG. 5:312–313.
Oliveira XM, Ribeiro A, Filho ACF, Mayrinck RC, Lima R, Scolforo JRS (2018) Volume equations for Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. plantations in Brazil. An Acad Bras Ciênc 90:3285–3298. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170852
Peng R, Christian K, Reilly D (2010) Weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), as biocontrol agents on African mahogany trees, Khaya senegalensis (Sapindales: Meliaceae), in the Northern Territory of Australia. Int J Pest Manag 56:363–370
R Core Team (2020) Core Team R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing
Ribeiro JM, Frazão LA, Cardoso PAS, Oliveira ALG, Sampaio RA, Fernandes LA (2019) Soil fertility and carbon and nitrogen stocks under agroforestry systems in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais State. Ciênc Florest 29:913–923. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509825310
Rodigheri HR, Pinto AF, Ohlaon J (2002) Rentabilidade econômica do eucalipto conduzido para produção de madeira serrada no Norte do Estado do Paraná. Boletim de cFlorestal, Colombo 44:49–64
Sales A, Oliveira Neto SN, Paiva HN, Leite HG, Siviero MA, Vieira SB (2021) Growth and yield of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum according to soil management in agroforestry systems: a case study in the Brazilian Amazon. Diversity 13:511. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110511
Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Lumbreras JF, Coelho MR, Almeida JA, Araujo Filho JC, Oliveira JB, Cunha TJF (2018) Brazilian soil classification system, vol 5. EMBRAPA, Brasília, pp 1–657
Santos FM, Terra G, Monte MA, Chaer GM (2021) Growth, yield and stem form of young African mahoganies (Khaya spp.) in mixed-species plantations and successional agroforestry systems. New For 53:181–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09850-5
Sgarbossa J, Elli EF, Schwerz F, Nardini C, Knapp FM, Schmidt D, Lúcio AD, Caron BO (2020) Bean–soybean succession under full sun and in agroforestry systems: impacts on radiation use efficiency, growth and yield. J Agron Crop Sci 207:362–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12450
Silva JND, Bezerra Neto F, Lima JSSD, Santos ECD, Nunes RLC, Chaves AP (2020) Production and benefits in carrot and vegetable cowpea associations under green manuring and spatial arrangements. Rev Ciênc Agron 51:1–11. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20200064
Stillitano T, De Luca AI, Falcone G, Spada E, Gulisano G, Strano A (2016) Economic profitability assessment of Mediterranean olive growing systems. Bulg J Agr Sci 22:517–526
Vieira FDA, Bezerra Neto F, Silva MLD, Lima JSSD (2018) Technical-economic efficiency of the yield of green grains of cowpea fertilized with roostertree. Rev Caatinga 31:504–510. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n227
Widodo Y, Krisdiana R, Prasetiaswati N, Noerwijati K, Harsono A, Sucahyono D, Wahyuni TS, Sundari T, Mejaya MJ, Martias Arsana IGKD (2021) Farmers’ preference of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties introduced to improve plant productivity in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Annu Res Rev Biol 36:38–46. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2021/v36i930422
Yatno E (2011) The role of organic matter in improving soil physical quality and crop production. J Sumberd Lahan 5:11–23
Zhao P, Liu P, Shao J, Li C, Wang B, Guo X, Yan B, Xia Y, Peng M (2015) Analysis of different strategies adapted by two cassava cultivars in response to drought stress: ensuring survival or continuing growth. J Exp Bot 66:1477–1488. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru507
Funding
This study was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) (Grant No. CADPROD-05466/18).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
F.L.; C.S and J.A. wrote the main manuscript text and F.L, C.N, J.A. and M.P prepared figures and tables. D.B, L.M, H.B, FF designed the experiment and perform the statistical analyzes. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lucena, F.R., de Andrade, J.R., Santos, C.F. et al. Agroforestry systems with Khaya ivorensis provide improved tree growth and economic benefits to rural producers. Agroforest Syst (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00864-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00864-w