Abstract
This study was conducted on a cattle farm in Yucatan, Mexico. The objective was to assess the effect of energy supplementation on milk yield and composition, and on the efficiency of use of dietary N in cows fed Leucaena leucocephala foliage (30% of total diet) and grass Pennisetum purpureum. Four multiparous crossbred Bos indicus × B. taurus cows in the first third of lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of two energy sources: sugar cane molasses and rice polishing, offered individually or mixed, and a control group (Ctrl) without energy supplementation. The supplements were iso-proteic and iso-energetic and were formulated to provide 25% of the daily energy requirement. Supplementation increased dry matter intake (3 kg/cow/d). Milk yield was 13% higher (P = 0.048) in the supplemented treatments (7.86 kg/cow/d) than in the Ctrl group (6.97 kg/cow/d). Milk yield did not differ (P > 0.05) among supplemented treatments. Milk fat was higher for the Ctrl treatment compared with molasses and rice polishing. Concentrations of protein, lactose and solids non-fat in milk were not significantly affected by energy supplementation. The lower concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) found in the treatments with supplementation (9.77 mg/dl) compared with Ctrl (15.61 mg/dl) indicates greater efficiency in capturing N by rumen microorganisms. No differences in BUN were found among supplemented groups. It is concluded that energy supplementation with rice polishing alone or in combination with molasses, can improve the efficiency of use of dietary N, and milk yield, in cows fed 30% L. leucocephala foliage.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AFRC (1993) Energy and protein requirements of ruminants: an advisory manual prepared by the AFRC technical committee on responses to nutrients. CAB International, Surrey
Aguilar-Pérez C, Ku-Vera JC, Centurion-Castro F, Garnsworthy PC (2009) Energy balance, reproduction and milk production in grazing crossbred cows in the tropics with and without cereal supplementation. Livest Sci 122:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.09.004
AOAC (1980) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 13th edn. AOAC, Washington, DC
Arjona-Alcocer VA (2014) Evaluación de cuatro suplementos energéticos sobre el comportamiento productivo en vacas de doble propósito alimentadas con follaje de Leucaena leucocephala y Pennisetum purpureum. Dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Mérida, Yucatán, México
Ayala A, Honhold N, Delgado R, Magaña J (1992) A visual condition scoring scheme for Bos indicus and crossbred cattle. In: Anderson S, Wadsworth J (eds) Proceedings of IFS/FMVZ-UADY international workshop, dual purpose cattle production research. Mérida, México, March, pp 119–128
Bacab-Pérez HM, Solorio-Sánchez FJ (2011) Oferta y consumo de forraje y producción de leche en ganado de doble propósito manejado en sistemas silvopastoriles en Tepalcatepec, Michoacán. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 13:271–278
Baurhoo B, Mustafa A (2014) Short communication: effects of molasses supplementation on performance of lactating cows fed high-alfalfa silage diets. J Dairy Sci 97:1072–1076. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6989
Bottini-Luzardo MB, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Centurión-Castro FG, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Ku-Vera JC (2016) Milk yield and blood urea nitrogen in crossbred cows grazing L. leucocephala in a silvopastoral system in the Mexican tropics. Trop Grassl Forrajes Trop 4:159–167. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(4)159-167
Broderick GA, Radloff WJ (2004) Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage. J Dairy Sci 87(9):2997–3009. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73431-1
Cáceres O, González E (1998) Valor nutritivo de follaje de árboles y arbustos tropicales. IV. Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham. Pastos y Forrajes 21(3):1–5
Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Reynolds C, Kristensen N, van Vuuren A (2010) Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants. Animal 4:1184–1196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110000911
Campling RC, Murdoch JC (1966) The effect of concentrates on the voluntary intake of roughages by cows. J Dairy Res 33:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900011651
Cardenas GD, Newbold CJ, Galbraith H, Topps JH, Chen XB, Rooke JA (1993) Rice polishing as an alternative to sugar cane molasses as a supplement with urea to low-quality forage diets for ruminants. Anim Prod 56:85–92
Caton JS, Dhuyvetter DV (1997) Influence of energy supplementation on grazing ruminants: requirements and responses. J Anim Sci 75:533–542
Chamberlain AT, Wilkinson JM (2002) Alimentación de la Vaca Lechera. Acribia, Zaragoza
Corrado-Cuevas LH (1991) Efecto de cuatro niveles de pulidura de arroz sobre la producción de vacas en pastoreo suplementadas con forraje de Poro (Erytrhin apoeppigiana (Walpers) O.F. Cook). Dissertation, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Costa Rica
DRMS (Dairy Records Management systems) (2014) Energy-corrected milk. DHI glossary. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.686.2482&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed February 14 2019
Elliott R, Ferreiro HM, Priego A, Preston TR (1977) Rice polishing as a supplement in sugar cane diets: the quantities of starch (α-linked glucose polymers) entering the proximal duodenum. Trop Anim Prod 3:30–35
Ferreiro HM, Elliott R, Preston TR (1979) The effect of energy rich feed supplements on the availability of nutrients in the duodenum of cattle fed sugar cane. Trop Ani Prod 4:248–254
Gehman AM, Bertrand JA, Jenkins TC, Pinkerton BW (2006) The effect of carbohydrate source on nitrogen capture in dairy cows on pasture. J Dairy Sci 89:2659–2667
INEGI (2015) Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e informática. Anuario estadístico del Estado de Yucatán. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. México
Jennings JS, Meyer BE, Guiroy PJ, Cole ND (2018) Energy costs of feeding excess protein from corn-based by-products to finishing cattle. J Anim Sci 96:653–669. https://doi.org/10.10993/jas/sky021
Jiménez-Ferrer G, Mendoza-Martínez G, Soto-Pinto L (2015) Evaluation of local energy sources in milk production in a tropical silvopastoral system with Erytrina poeppigiana. Trop Anim Health Prod 47:903–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0806-7
Keim JP, Anrique R (2011) Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency by grazing dairy cows. Chil J Agric Res 71:623. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392011000400019
Kharat ST, Prasad VL, Sobale BN, Sane MS, Joshi AL, Rangnekar DV (1980) Note on comparative evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala, Desmanthus virgatus and Medicago sativa for cattle. Indian J Anim Sci 50(8):638–639
Larios-Saldaña A, Porcayo-Calderón J, Poggi-Varaldo HM (2005) Obtención de una harina de pulido de arroz desengrasado con bajo contenido de fibra neutro detergente. Interciencia. 30: 29–32. http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0378184420050001ls
Leng RA (1990) Factors affecting the utilization of ‘poor-quality’forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutr Res Rev 3:277–303. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19900016
Leng RA, Preston TR (1976) Caña de azúcar para la producción bovina: limitaciones actuales, perspectivas y prioridades para la investigación. Prod Anim Trop 1(1):1–22
Lessa ACR, Madari BE, Paredes DS, Boddey RM, Urquiaga S, Jantalia CP, Alves BJR (2014) Bovine urine and dung deposited on Brazilian savannah pastures contribute differently to direct and indirect soil nitrous oxide emission. Agric Ecosyst Environ 190:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.010
Magaña-Monforte JG, Ríos-Arjona G, Martínez-González JC (2006) Dual purpose cattle production systems and the challenges of the tropics of Mexico. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 14(3):105–114
McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA (2011) Animal nutrition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, NJ
Mendieta-Araica B, Spörndly R, Reyes-Sánchez N, Spörndly E (2011) Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diets in tropical areas. Livest Sci 137:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) (1975) Energy allowance and feeding systems for ruminants. Tech. Bull., No. 33. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London
National Research Council (NRC) (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: 2001. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Nsahlai IV, Siaw DEKA, Umunna NN (1995) Inter-relationship between chemical constituents, rumen dry matter and nitrogen degradability in fresh leaves of multipurpose trees. J Sci Food Agric 69:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740690214
Olmos JJC, Broderick CA (2006) Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 89:1704–1712. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-X
Ondiek JO, Abdulrazak SA, Tuitoek JK, Bareeba FB (1999) The effects of Gliricidia sepium and maize bran as supplementary feed to Rhodes grass hay on intake, digestion and live weight gains of dairy goats. Livest Prod Sci 61(1):65–70
Ondiek JO, Tuitoek JK, Abdulrazak SA, Bareeba FB, Fujihara T (2000) Use of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as nitrogen sources in supplementary concentrates for dairy goats offered Rhodes grass hay. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 13:1249–1254
Ondiek JO, Abdulrazak SA, Njoka EN (2010) Effects of supplementing Chloris gayana hay and Maerua angolensis with graded levels of maize germ meal on voluntary feed intake, diet digestion, nitrogen balance and average daily gains of growing small East African goats. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 10(2):147–155
Ondiek JO, Abdulrazak SA, Njoka EN (2011) Effects of feeding Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with graded levels of Zizyphus mucronata on voluntary feed intake, nutrient utilization, nitrogen balance and bodyweight gains in growing small East African goats. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 11(1):9–17
Palmquist DL (1984) Use of fats in diets for lactating dairy cows. In: Wiseman J (ed) Fats in animal nutrition. Butterworths, London, pp 357–381
Peniche-González IN, González-López ZU, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Ku-Vera JC, Ayala-Burgos AJ, Solorio-Sánchez FJ (2014) Milk production and reproduction of dual-purpose cows with a restricted concentrate allowance and access to an association of Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon nlemfuensis. J Appl Anim Res 42(3):345–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2013.875902
Poppi DP, McLennan S (1995) Protein and energy utilization by ruminants at pasture. J Anim Sci 73:278–290. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.731278x
Preston TR (1995) Tropical animal feeding: a manual for research workers. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/V9327E/V9327E00.HTM. Accessed 8 October 2018
Preston TR, Leng RA (1989) Adecuando los sistemas de producción pecuaria a los recursos disponibles: aspectos básicos y aplicados del nuevo enfoque sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en el trópico. Círculos impreso Ltda, Colombia
Preston TR, Carcaño C, Álvarez FJ, Gutiérrez DG (1976) Pulidura de arroz como suplemento de la caña de azúcar, efecto del nivel de pulidura de arroz y procesamiento de la caña de azúcar por descortezación o picada. Prod Anim Tropical 1(3):156–169
Rojo-Rubio R, Vázquez-Armijo JF, Pérez-Hernández P, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Salem AZM, Albarrán-Portillo B, Gutiérrez-Cedillo JG (2009) Dual purpose cattle production in Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 41:715–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9249-8
Ruiz-González A, Ayala-Burgos AJ, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Ku-Vera JC (2013) Efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen for milk production by dual-purpose cows fed increasing levels of Leucaena leucocephala forage mixed with Pennisetum purpureum grass. In: Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen. pp 121–122. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_33
SAS (2013) SAS/STAT. User’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary, NC
Schroeder GF, Gagliostro G, Bargo F, Delahoy JE, Muller LD (2004) Effects of fat supplementation on milk production and composition by dairy cows on pasture: a review. Livest Prod Sci 86:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00118-0
Tercero JO (2003) Efecto de la suplementación energética y el patrón de alimentación sobre el aporte de nitrógeno microbial al duodeno, en vacas alimentadas a base de forraje tropical. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 2(2):97–98
Tinoco-Magaña JC, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Delgado-León R, Magaña-Monforte JG, Ku-Vera JC, Herrera Camacho J (2012) Effects of energy supplementation on productivity of dual-purpose cows grazing in a silvopastoral system in the tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0042-8
Tyrrell HF, Reid JT (1965) Prediction of the energy value of cow’s milk. J Dairy Sci 48(9):1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88430-2
Upadhyay VS, Rekib A, Pathak PS (1974) Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala. Indian Vet J 51:534–537
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74:3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Flores-Cocas, J.M., Aguilar-Pérez, C.F., Ramírez-Avilés, L. et al. Use of rice polishing and sugar cane molasses as supplements in dual-purpose cows fed Leucaena leucocephala and Pennisetum purpureum. Agroforest Syst 95, 43–53 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00434-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00434-z