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Stable isotopes and stomach content analyses indicate omnivorous habits and opportunistic feeding behavior of an invasive fish

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a widespread non-native fish species in Brazil displays opportunistic feeding behavior and changes its diet according to environmental conditions. We compared the diet, feeding selectivity, carbon assimilation, trophic niche, and trophic level of Knodus moenkhausii (a small non-native characid fish species of Upper Paraná River) in streams surrounded by natural riparian vegetation (natural cover streams) and in streams impacted by pasture. We analyzed stomach contents and stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen), simultaneously. Overall, insects were the most common food items (> 65%). In natural cover streams, K. moenkhausii showed higher selectivity among aquatic macroinvertebrates consumed, while in pasture streams, they fed on the most abundant groups. The proportion of feeding groups assimilated by K. moenkhausii and the proportion of primary sources consumed by each feeding group of macroinvertebrates also varied between natural cover and pasture streams, as indicated by stable isotopes. In natural cover streams, fine and coarse particulate organic matter accounted for approximately 80% of K. moenkhausii’s diet, while in pasture streams, algae and periphyton also contributed greatly. As a result, K. moenkhausii occupied a higher trophic level and exhibited a broader niche width in pasture streams. We conclude that K. moenkhausii presents feeding selectivity with capacity to alter the trophic niche depending on environmental conditions. Such opportunism could be one of the reasons underpinning the abundance and wide distribution of this invasive species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES), Minas Gerais Energy Company (Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais, CEMIG) and P&D ANEEL/CEMIG GT-487 for the financial support for the project and for the Master’s and Doctoral scholarships granted. Thanks to Ludmilla Portela Zambaldi Lima (Federal University of Lavras/UFLA) and Diego Rodrigues Macedo (Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG) for analyses of land use and to UFLA and the Ministry of Environment (MMA) to grant the RapidEye images. Thanks to Amelia K. Weiss (Cornell University) for the English revision. Thanks also to the Benthos Ecology Laboratory (UFMG) and the Laboratory of Fish Ecology (UFLA) who assisted in the collection and processing of samples, to the Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA) for their support and partnership in the isotopic analysis. DRC was partialy funded by CAPES – Finance Code 001. DMPC received a PDJ scholarship (150307/2018-7) from CNPq. MC was awarded a research productivity CNPq (303380/2015-2, 446155/2014-4) and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG No. PPM 00104-18). PSP received a research fellowship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq No. 306325/2011-0) and from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG No. PPM-00237/13).

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  1. Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes, Setor de Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil

    Débora Reis de Carvalho, Antônio Júlio de Moura Chaves & Paulo Santos Pompeu

  2. Laboratório de Ecologia de Bentos, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP. 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil

    Diego Marcel Parreira de Castro & Marcos Callisto

  3. Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13400-970, Brazil

    Marcelo Zacharias Moreira

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de Carvalho, D.R., de Castro, D.M.P., Callisto, M. et al. Stable isotopes and stomach content analyses indicate omnivorous habits and opportunistic feeding behavior of an invasive fish. Aquat Ecol 53, 365–381 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09695-3

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