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3D and 4D Bioprinting Technologies: A Game Changer for the Biomedical Sector?

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Abstract

Bioprinting is an innovative and emerging technology of additive manufacturing (AM) and has revolutionized the biomedical sector by printing three-dimensional (3D) cell-laden constructs in a precise and controlled manner for numerous clinical applications. This approach uses biomaterials and varying types of cells to print constructs for tissue regeneration, e.g., cardiac, bone, corneal, cartilage, neural, and skin. Furthermore, bioprinting technology helps to develop drug delivery and wound healing systems, bio-actuators, bio-robotics, and bio-sensors. More recently, the development of four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology and stimuli-responsive materials has transformed the biomedical sector with numerous innovations and revolutions. This issue also leads to the exponential growth of the bioprinting market, with a value over billions of dollars. The present study reviews the concepts and developments of 3D and 4D bioprinting technologies, surveys the applications of these technologies in the biomedical sector, and discusses their potential research topics for future works. It is also urged that collaborative and valiant efforts from clinicians, engineers, scientists, and regulatory bodies are needed for translating this technology into the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and healthcare systems.

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Abbreviations

3D:

Three-dimensional

4D:

Four-dimensional

AM:

Additive manufacturing

CAD:

Computer-aided design

CNF:

Cellulose nanofibers

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CT:

Computed tomography

DIW:

Direct ink writing

DLP:

Digital light processing

DOX:

Doxorubicin

FDA:

Food and drug administration

FDM:

Fused deposition modeling

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

GelMA:

Gelatin methacryloyl

GNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

MeHA:

Methacrylated hyaluronic acid

ML:

Machine learning

MNP:

Magnetic nanoparticle

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

nHAp:

Nanohydroxyapatite

NF:

Nanofibers

NIR:

Near-infrared

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PGA:

Polyglycolic acid

PEGDA:

Polyethylene glycol diacrylate

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PET:

Poly (ethylene terephthalate)

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PLGA:

Polylactic glycolic acid

PNIPAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PPy:

Polypyrrole

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SLA:

Stereolithography

SLS:

Selective laser sintering

SMP:

Shape memory polymer

SMPC:

Shape memory polymer composite

TE:

Tissue engineering

TERM:

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

TRL:

Technology readiness level

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Noroozi, Hadi Taghvaei & Hossein Sahbafar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Lahore, 51041, Pakistan

    Zia Ullah Arif

  3. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Muhammad Yasir Khalid

  4. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

    Amin Hadi

  5. Postdoctoral Researcher Fellow at Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA

    Ali Sadeghianmaryan

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada

    Ali Sadeghianmaryan & Xiongbiao Chen

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Noroozi, R., Arif, Z., Taghvaei, H. et al. 3D and 4D Bioprinting Technologies: A Game Changer for the Biomedical Sector?. Ann Biomed Eng 51, 1683–1712 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03243-9

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