Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Individual Muscle Force Differences During Loaded Hexbar Jumps: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Knowledge of individual muscle force during strength and conditioning exercises provides deeper understanding of how specific training decisions relate to desired training outcomes. The purpose of this study was to estimate individual muscle forces during hexbar jumps with 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of the hexbar deadlift 1-repetition maximum utilizing in vivo motion capture and computational modeling techniques of male participants. Muscle forces for the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, gastrocnemius, and soleus were estimated via static optimization. Changes in muscle forces over the concentric phase were analyzed across loading conditions using statistical parametric mapping, impulse, and peak values. Conclusions about the effects of load differ between the three analysis methods; therefore, careful selection of analysis method is essential. Peaks may be inadequate in assessing differences in muscle force during dynamic movements. If SPM, assessing point-by-point differences, is combined with impulse, where time of force application is considered, both timepoint and overall loading can be analyzed. The response of individual muscle forces to increases in external load, as assessed by impulse and SPM, includes increased total muscle output, proportionally highest at 20%1RM, and increased absolute force for the vasti and plantarflexors during the concentric phase of hexbar jumps.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

SPM:

Statistical parametric mapping

1RM:

1 Repetition maximum

GRF:

Ground reaction force

GMAX:

Gluteus maximus

BFL:

Biceps femoris—long head

RF:

Rectus femoris

VAST:

Vastus intermedius

GAS:

Gastrocnemius—medial head

SOL:

Soleus

xSW:

Multiples of system weight (body weight + external load)

RMANOVA:

Repeated-measures analysis of variance

References

  1. Anderson, F. C., and M. G. Pandy. A dynamic optimization solution for vertical jumping in three dimensions. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2:201–231, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cleather, D., and E. Cushion. Muscular coordination during vertical jumping. J. Hum. Perform. Health. 1:a1–a10, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cleather, D., J. E. Goodwin, and A. M. J. Bull. An optimization approach to inverse dynamics provides insight as to the function of the biarticular muscles during vertical jumping. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39:147–160, 2011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Delp, S. L., F. C. Anderson, A. S. Arnold, P. Loan, A. Habib, C. T. John, E. Guendelman, and D. G. Thelen. OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54:1940–1950, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. DeVita, P., T. Lassiter, T. Hortobagyi, and M. Torry. Functional knee brace effects during walking in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Med. 26:778–784, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Epley, B. Poundage chart. In: Boyd Epley Workout. Lincoln, NE: Body Enterprises, 1985.

  7. Feeney, D., S. J. Stanhope, T. W. Kaminski, A. Machi, and S. Jaric. Loaded vertical jumping: force–velocity relationship, work, and power. J. Appl. Biomech. 32:120–127, 2016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Friston, K. J., A. P. Holmes, K. J. Worsley, J.-P. Poline, C. D. Frith, and R. S. J. Frackowiak. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2:189–210, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Haischer, M. H., J. Krzyszkowski, S. Roche, and K. Kipp. Impulse-based dynamic strength index: considering time-dependent force expression. J. Strength Cond. Res. 35:1171–1181, 2021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hicks, J. L. Simulation with OpenSim - Best Practices. https://simtk-confluence.stanford.edu:8443/display/OpenSim33/Simulation+with+OpenSim+-+Best+Practices?showChildren=true, 2018.

  11. Hughes, S., J. Warmenhoven, G. G. Haff, D. W. Chapman, and S. Nimphius. Countermovement jump and squat jump force-time curve analysis in control and fatigue conditions. J. Strength Cond. Res. 36:2752–2761, 2021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kipp, K., and H. Kim. Relative contributions and capacities of lower extremity muscles to accelerate the body’s center of mass during countermovement jumps. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 23:1–8, 2020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kipp, K., H. Kim, and W. I. Wolf. Muscle forces during the squat, split squat, and step-up across a range of external loads in college-aged men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 36:314–323, 2022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kipp, K., H. Kim, and W. I. Wolf. Muscle-specific contributions to lower extremity net joint moments while squatting with different external loads. J. Strength Cond. Res. 36:324–331, 2022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lockie, R. G., and A. Lazar. Exercise technique: applying the hexagonal bar to strength and power training. Strength Cond. J. 39:24–32, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lu, T. W., and J. J. O’Connor. Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J. Biomech. 32:129–134, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. McBride, J. M., T. J. Kirby, T. L. Haines, and J. Skinner. Relationship between relative net vertical impulse and jump height in jump squats performed to various squat depths and with various loads. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 5:484–496, 2010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Moir, G. L., J. M. Gollie, S. E. Davis, J. J. Guers, and C. A. Witmer. The effects of load on system and lower-body joint kinetics during jump squats. Sports Biomech. 11:492–506, 2012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Myers, C. A., P. J. Laz, K. B. Shelburne, D. L. Judd, J. D. Winters, J. E. Stevens-Lapsley, and B. S. Davidson. Simulated hip abductor strengthening reduces peak joint contact forces in patients with total hip arthroplasty. J. Biomech. 93:18–27, 2019.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Nagano, A., and K. G. M. Gerritsen. Effects of neuromuscular strength training on bertical jumping performance: a computer simulation study. J. Appl. Biomech. 17:113–128, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nagano, A., T. Komura, S. Fukashiro, and R. Himeno. Force, work and power output of lower limb muscles during human maximal-effort countermovement jumping. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 15:367–376, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pandy, M. G., F. E. Zajac, E. Sim, and W. S. Levine. An optimal control model for maximum-height human jumping. J. Biomech. 23:1185–1198, 1990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pataky, T. C. Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping. J. Biomech. 43:1976–1982, 2010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pataky, T. C. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping in Python. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 15:295–301, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Roelker, S. A., E. J. Caruthers, R. K. Hall, N. C. Pelz, A. M. W. Chaudhari, and R. A. Siston. Effects of optimization technique on simulated muscle activations and forces. J. Appl. Biomech. 36:259–278, 2020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Roelker, S. A., P. DeVita, J. D. Willson, and R. R. Neptune. Differences in muscle demand and joint contact forces between running and skipping. J. Appl. Biomech. 38:382–390, 2022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tomescu, S. S., R. Bakker, T. A. C. Beach, and N. Chandrashekar. The effects of filter cutoff frequency on musculoskeletal simulations of high-impact movements. J. Appl. Biomech. 34:336–341, 2018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vanrenterghem, J., A. Lees, and D. D. Clercq. Effect of forward trunk inclination on joint power output in vertical jumping. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22:708–714, 2008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Whittlesey, S. N., and D. G. E. Robertson. Two-dimensional inverse dynamics. In: Research Methods in Biomechanics, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2017, pp. 109–129.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wong, J. D., M. F. Bobbert, A. J. van Soest, P. L. Gribble, and D. A. Kistemaker. Optimizing the distribution of leg muscles for vertical jumping. PLoS ONE.11:e0150019, 2016.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Zajac, F. E., and M. E. Gordon. Determining muscle’s force and action in multi-articular movement. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 17:187–230, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper is in partial fulfillment of requirements for master’s degree and all authors contributed to all aspects of the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomechanics Laboratory, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA

    Abigail K. Salvadore, Adam E. Jagodinsky & Michael R. Torry

  2. Neuromuscular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Ln, Totman Phys Ed Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Abigail K. Salvadore

Authors
  1. Abigail K. Salvadore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adam E. Jagodinsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael R. Torry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abigail K. Salvadore.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no financial considerations or conflict of interest to declare.

Additional information

Associate Editor Thurmon E. Lockhart oversaw the review of this article.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salvadore, A.K., Jagodinsky, A.E. & Torry, M.R. Individual Muscle Force Differences During Loaded Hexbar Jumps: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 51, 1975–1983 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03218-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03218-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation