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Indirect Rapid Prototyping: Opening Up Unprecedented Opportunities in Scaffold Design and Applications

  • Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials, Tissues, and Organs
  • Published:
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over the past decades, solid freeform fabrication (SFF) has emerged as the main technology for the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications as a result of the architectural versatility. However, certain limitations have also arisen, primarily associated with the available, rather limited range of materials suitable for processing. To overcome these limitations, several research groups have been exploring novel methodologies through which a construct, generated via SFF, is applied as a sacrificial mould for production of the final construct. The technique combines the benefits of SFF techniques in terms of controlled, patient-specific design with a large freedom in material selection associated with conventional scaffold production techniques. Consequently, well-defined 3D scaffolds can be generated in a straightforward manner from previously difficult to print and even “unprintable” materials due to thermomechanical properties that do not match the often strict temperature and pressure requirements for direct rapid prototyping. These include several biomaterials, thermally degradable materials, ceramics and composites. Since it can be combined with conventional pore forming techniques, indirect rapid prototyping (iRP) enables the creation of a hierarchical porosity in the final scaffold with micropores inside the struts. Consequently, scaffolds and implants for applications in both soft and hard tissue regeneration have been reported. In this review, an overview of different iRP strategies and materials are presented from the first reports of the approach at the turn of the century until now.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two dimensional

2PP:

Two photon polymerization

3D:

Three dimensional

3DP:

Three dimensional printing

µm:

Micrometer

AJS:

Air jet solidification

AM:

Additive manufacturing

BMP:

Bone-morphogenic proteins

CAD:

Computer aided design

CAM:

Computer aided manufacturing

DDP:

Drop on demand printing

DLP:

Digital light projection

CPD:

Critical point drying

CT:

Computed tomography

DMD:

Digital micromirror device

ECM:

Extra cellular matrix

eiRP:

External indirect rapid prototyping

FDM:

Fused deposition modelling

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

HFF:

Human foreskin fibroblasts

IJP:

Ink-jet printing

iiRP:

Internal indirect rapid prototyping

iRP:

Indirect rapid prototyping

LoC:

Lab on chip

MEW:

Melt electrospinning writing

mPa:

Milli Pascal

MSTL:

Micro stereolithography

PCL:

Poly-(ε-caprolactone)

PDL:

Periodontal ligament

PDMS:

Poly(dimethylsiloxane)

PEG:

Poly-(ethylene glycol)

PGA:

Poly-(glycolic acid)

PLA:

Poly-(lactic acid)

PLGA:

Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PPF:

Poly-(propylene fumarate)

RP:

Rapid prototyping

SFF:

Solid freeform fabrication

SLA:

Stereolithography

SLS:

Selective laser sintering

SMD:

Selective mould dissolution

TCP:

Tricalcium phosphate

UV:

Ultra violet

HUVECs:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Ghent University, the UGent Multidisciplinary Research Partnership Nano-and Biophotonics, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Methusalem. Jasper Van Hoorick and Sandra Van Vlierberghe would like to acknowledge the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) for financial support under the form of respectively a PhD Grant and several Research Grants.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

      Annemie Houben, Jasper Van Hoorick, Hugo Thienpont, Sandra Van Vlierberghe & Peter Dubruel

    2. Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium

      Jasper Van Hoorick, Jürgen Van Erps, Hugo Thienpont & Sandra Van Vlierberghe

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    1. Annemie Houben
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    Correspondence to Peter Dubruel.

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    Associate Editor Jos Malda oversaw the review of this article.

    Annemie Houben and Jasper Van Hoorick have contributed equally to this work.

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    Houben, A., Van Hoorick, J., Van Erps, J. et al. Indirect Rapid Prototyping: Opening Up Unprecedented Opportunities in Scaffold Design and Applications. Ann Biomed Eng 45, 58–83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1610-x

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