Abstract
Although the share of older people has been growing in Brazil in past decades, studies investigating trends in overweight and obesity prevalence in this population remain scarce. The objective of this study was to analyze the time trend of overweight and obesity prevalence in older adults in Brazilian State Capitals and the Federal District from 2006 to 2019. This is a time trend study based on data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. The subsample used was composed of individuals aged 60 years or older (n = 202,049). Self-reported weight and height data were used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) prevalence were estimated per year for the total population and according to sex, age, schooling, region, and NCD presence. Prais–Winsten regression models were used to identify significant trends in overweight and obesity prevalence over the years. Overweight prevalence increased (p < 0.05) from 53.7 to 61.4% (1.09% per year) within the assessed period, whereas obesity prevalence increased from 16.1 to 22.3% (2.28% per year). Greater increases were observed among men, those aged 70 years old and over, with more than 9-year of schooling, and from less developed regions. The highest increases were observed in groups with the lowest values at the beginning of the study period. Results evidenced the high and growing prevalence of overweight and obesity among older people in Brazilian.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Vigitel data are public and available for access and use at DATASUS website.
References
Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K (2007) The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 370(9603):1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61696-1
Antunes JLP, Cardoso MRA (2015) Uso da análise de séries temporais em estudos epidemiológicos. Epidemiol Serv Saúde Brasília 24(3): 565–576. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000300024
Bauer UE et al (2014) Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. Lancet 384(5):45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60648-6
Carvalho AM et al (2014) Validação e calibração de medidas de peso e altura autorreferidas por indivíduos da cidade de São Paulo. Rev Bras Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400030013
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Body mass index: considerations for practitioners. Disponível em: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf. Accessed: 20 June 2021
Cohen J (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Measur 20(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
Cooksey-Stowers K, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD (2017) Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(11):1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111366
Costa CS, Shneider BC, Cesar JÁ (2016) Obesidade geral e abdominal em idosos do Sul do Brasil: resultados do estudo COMO VAI?. Ciênc Saúde Colet 21(11): 3585–3596. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152111.02492016.
Dias P, Henriques P, Anjos LA, Burlandy L (2017) Obesidade e políticas públicas: concepções e estratégias adotadas pelo governo brasileiro. Cad Saúde Pública 33(7):e00006016
Fernandes MT, Soares S (2012) O desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de atenção ao idoso no Brasil. Rev Esc Enferm USP 46(6):1494–1502. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342012000600029
Ferreira AD, Cesar CC, Malta DC, Andrade ACS, Ramos CG, Proietti FA et al (2011) Validade de estimativas obtidas por inquérito telefônico: comparação entre VIGITEL 2008 e Inquérito Saúde em Beagá. Ver Bras Epidemiol 14(1):16–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2011000500003
Ferreira CC, Monteiro GTR, Simões TC (2018) Estado nutricional e fatores associados em idosos: evidências com base em inquérito telefônico. Rev Bras Promoç Saúde 31(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.5020/18061230.2018.6279
Fialho CB, Lima-Costa MF, Giacomin KC, Loyola FAI (2014) Capacidade funcional e uso dos serviços de saúde por idosos da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: um estudo de base populacional. Cad Saúde Pública 30(3):599–610. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00090913
Gorber AC, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B (2007) A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev 8:307–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x
Green MA (2016) Do we need to think beyond BMI for estimating population-level health risks? J Public Health (Oxf) 38(1):192–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv007
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2004) Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios. síntese de indicadores 2003. Coordenação de Emprego e Rendimento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2010) Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios. Um panorama da saúde no Brasil. Acesso e utilização de serviços, condições de saúde e fatores de risco e proteção à saúde 2008: Brasil/IBGE, Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2014a) Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas—Brasil, grandes regiões e unidades da federação. Rio de Janeiro. http://www.dive.sc.gov.br/conteudos/agravos/publicacoes/PNS%202013%20Percep%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20do%20estado%20de%20sa%C3%BAde%20estilos%20de%20vida%20e%20doen%C3%A7as%20cr%C3%B4nicas.pdf. Accessed 02 Mar 2018
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2014b) Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2013: Segurança Alimentar—Brasil, grandes regiões e unidades da federação. Rio de Janeiro. https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv91984.pdf. Accessed 02 Mar 2018
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2018). Mortality visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/mortality/. Accessed 03 May 2018
Kinge JM, Strand BH, Vollset SE, Skirbekk V (2015) Educational inequalities in obesity and gross domestic product: evidence from 70 countries. J Epidemiol Commu Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205353
Krein JD, Colombi APF (2019) A reforma trabalhista em foco: desconstrução da proteção social em tempos de neoliberalismo autoritário. Educ Soc 40:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1590/ES0101-73302019223441
Li W, Song F, Wang X, Wang L, Wang D, Yin X et al (2018) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly adults in China: current status and temporal trends. Ann Med 50(4):345–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2018.1464202
Lima-Costa MF, Matos DL, Camargos VP, Macinko J (2011) Tendências em dez anos das condições de saúde de idosos brasileiros: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998, 2003, 2008). Ciência Saúde Coletiva1 6(9): 3689–3696. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232011001000006
Lipschitz DA (1994) Screening for nutritional status in the elderly. Prim Care 21(1):55–56 (PMID: 8197257)
Menezes MC, Duarte CK et al (2020) A systematic review of effects, potentialities, and limitations of nutritional interventions aimed at managing obesity in primary and secondary healthcare. Nutrition 75(76):110784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.1107840899-9007
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2006a) Portaria n° 2.528, de 19 de outubro de 2006. Aprova a Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 20 out. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2006/prt2528_19_10_2006.html. Accessed 25 Mar 2018
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2006b) Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de atenção básica. Envelhecimento e saúde da pessoa idosa. Brasília: ministério da saúde, 192 p. il.—(Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos) (Cadernos de Atenção Básica, n. 19). https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/evelhecimento_saude_pessoa_idosa.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2018
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2008) Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de ações programáticas e estratégicas. Caderneta de saúde da pessoa idosa: manual de preenchimento. Brasília: editora do ministério da saúde, p 24. http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/caderneta_saude_idosa_manual_preenchimento.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2018
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2010) Departamento de ações programáticas e estratégicas. Atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa e envelhecimento. Série Pactos pela Saúde 2006, vol 12. Ministério da Saúde: Brasília, p 46. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_pessoa_idosa_envelhecimento_v12.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2018
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2011) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Análise de Situação de Saúde. Plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil 2011–2022. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; Série B. Textos Básicos de Saúde. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/plano_acoes_enfrent_dcnt_2011.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2018
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2020) Vigitel 2019: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/vigitel_brasil_2019_vigilancia_fatores_risco.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2020
Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (2021) Secretaria de Vigilância à Saúde. http://svs.aids.gov.br/bases_vigitel_viva/. Accessed 04 Jan 2021
Montez JK, Friedman EM (2015) Educational attainment and adult health: under what conditions is the association causal? Soc Sci Med 127:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.029
Moreira RM, Santos CES, Couto ES, Teixeira JR, Souza RMM (2013) Qualidade de vida, saúde e política pública de idosos no Brasil: uma reflexão teórica. Rev Kairós Gerontol 16(2):27–38. https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2013v16i1p27-38
Moura EC, Neto OL, Malta DC, Moura L, Silva NN, Bernal RT et al (2008) Vigilância de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico nas capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal (2006). Rev Bras Epidemiol 11(1):20–37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2008000500003
Ng SP, Korda R, Clements M, Latz I, Bauman A, Bambrick H et al (2011) Validity of self-reported height and weight and derived body mass index in middle-aged and elderly individuals in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 35(6):557–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00742.x
Nunes E (2013) Obesidade em idosos. Med Minas Gerais 23(1):64–73. https://doi.org/10.5935/2238-3182.20130011
Ogden CL et al (2017) Prevalence of obesity among adults, by household income and education—United States, 2011–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66(50): 1369–1373. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/pdfs/mm6650a1-H.pdf. Accessed 03 May 2018
Okorodudu DO et al (2010) Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes 34:791–799. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.5
Omran A (2005) The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q 83(4):731–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x
Pampel F, Krueger PM, Denney JT (2010) Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Ann Rev Sociol 36(1):349–370. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
Peixoto MRG, Benício MH, Jardim PCB (2006) Validade do peso e da altura auto-referidos: o estudo de Goiânia. Saúde Pública 40(6):1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000700015
Peralta M, Ramos M, Lipert A, Martins J, Marques A (2018) Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in older adults from 10 European countries from 2005 to 2013. Scand J Public Health 46(5):522–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818764810
Reis AAC et al (2016) Everything to fear: funding, public-private relations, and the future of SUS. Saúde Debate 40:122–135. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042016S11
Silva V, Souza I, Silva DAS, Barbosa AR, Fonseca MJM (2018) Evolução e associação do IMC entre variáveis sociodemográficas e de condições de vida em idosos do Brasil: 2002/03-2008/09. Cien Saude Colet 23(3):891–901. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018233.12532016
Smoyer-Tomic KE et al (2008) The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and exposure to supermarkets and fast food outlets. Health Place 14(2008):740–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.12.001
Soares MM, Maia EG, Claro RM (2020) Availability of public open space and the practice of leisure-time physical activity among the Brazilian adult population. Int J Public Health 65(8):1467–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01476-2
Tavares NUL, Luiza VL, Oliveira MA, Costa KS, Mengue SS, Arrais OS et al (2016) Acesso gratuito a medicamentos para tratamento de doenças crônicas no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 50(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006118
Vasconcelos AMN, Gomes MMF (2012) Transição demográfica: a experiência brasileira. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 21(4):539–548. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742012000400003
Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S (2005) Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr 82(5):923–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.5.923
World Health Organization (WHO) (1991) Sample size determination in health studies. A practical manual. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40062. Accessed 04 Feb 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) (1995) Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series N° 854. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/physical_status/en/. Accessed 03 May 2018
World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva. Report a WHO Consultation on Obesity. https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/. Accessed 03 May 2018
World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: report of the 2015 global survey. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/ncd-capacity/en/. Accessed 02 Feb 2019
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) “Best Buys” and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ncds/management/WHO_Appendix_BestBuys.pdf. Accessed 02 Feb 2019
Zhou M (2019) The shifting burden of obesity: changes in the distribution of obesity in China, 2010–2015. Int Sociol 34(3):347–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919832734
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. The revision of the English language was funded with resources from CAPES (Federal Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education) (Project 001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by LCR, RMC, DSC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LCR and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
Data collection was approved by the National Ethics Commission in Human Research of the Ministry of Health (CONEP—CAAE: 65,610,017.1.0000.0008).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Responsible Editor: Morten Wahrendorf
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rodrigues, L.C., Canella, D.S. & Claro, R.M. Time trend of overweight and obesity prevalence among older people in Brazilian State Capitals and the Federal District from 2006 to 2019. Eur J Ageing 19, 555–565 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00659-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00659-x