Abstract
This work describes the modern development of an autonomous platform for the measurement of phosphate and nitrogen levels in the water. Microfluidic-based framework developed for the identification of contaminants in water as, it has enormous potential in making chip portable, low cost, and miniaturized commercial device. The total framework uses an embedded system and a microfluidic chip. This microfluidic chip is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and has been fabricated by X-ray (XRL) lithography techniques. The created framework contains liquid handling with luminescence information investigation, which is important to play out the phosphate and nitrogen estimation. Tests are performed for the detection of phosphate, nitrite, and nitrate utilizing explicit synthetic reagents and tests for each. The created colorimetric-implanted framework can utilized for any liquid investigation like zinc, copper, and lead contaminant detection that usually found in contaminated water. This sort of framework is alluring for use in creating nations, in the field, and rustic regions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali S, Rathee V, Kalambe J, Balpande S (2019) Cadmium contaminated water detection with interdigitated electrodes and microfluidic system. Int J Eng Adv Tech (IJEAT) 8(5):1137–1140 (ISSN: 2249-8958)
Almeida MG, Serra A, Silveira CM, Moura JJG (2010) Nitrite biosensing via selective enzymes—a long but promising route. Sensors (Basel) 10(12):11530–11555. https://doi.org/10.3390/s101211530
Badea M, Amine A, Palleschi G, Moscone D, Volpe G, Curulli A (2001) New electrochemical sensors for detection of nitrites and nitrates. J Electroanal Chem 509(1):66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00358-8
Balpande SS, Pande RS (2015) Design and simulation of MEMS cantilever based energy harvester-power source for piping health monitoring system. National Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics & Computer Engineering (RAECE), Roorkee, 2015, pp. 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAECE.2015.7509886
Balpande SS, Pande RS, Patrikar RM (2016) Design and low cost fabrication of green vibration energy harvester. Sens Actuators, A 251:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.10.012
Balpande SS, Bhaiyya ML, Pande RS (2017) Low-cost fabrication of polymer substrate-based piezoelectric microgenerator with PPE, IDE and ME. Electron Lett 53(5): 341–343, https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.4099 IET Digital Library. https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/el.2016.4099
Balpande SS, Kalambe J, Pande RS (2018) Vibration energy harvester driven wearable biomedical diagnostic system. 2018 IEEE 13th Annual International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), Singapore, pp. 448–451. https://doi.org/10.1109/NEMS.2018.8556864
Balpande SS, Kalambe JP, Pande RS (2019) Development of strain energy harvester as an alternative power source for the wearable biomedical diagnostic system. Micro Nano Lett 14(7):777–781. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5250IETDigitalLibrary
Beaton AD, Cardwell CL, Thomas RS, Sieben VJ, François-E L, Waugh EM, Statham PJ, Mowlem MC, Hywel M (2012) Lab-on-chip measurement of nitrate and nitrite for in situ analysis of natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 46:9548–9556. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300419u
Blaen PJ, Kieran K, Lloyd Charlotte CEM, Bradley C, Hannah D, Krause S (2016) Real-time monitoring of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in rivers: capturing event dynamics, technological opportunities and future directions. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.116
Bowden M, Diamond D (2003) The determination of phosphorus in a microfluidic manifold demonstrating long-term reagent lifetime and chemical stability utilising a colorimetric method. Sens Actuators B 90:170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00024-8
Bowden M, Sequeira M, Krog JP, Gravesen P, Diamond D (2002) A prototype industrial sensing system for phosphorus based on micro system technology. Analyst 127(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1039/b109209j
Chakole P, Rathee V, Kalambe J, Kulkarni P, Balpande S (2019) Design and development of triboelectric blue energy harvester. Int J Eng Adv Tech (IJEAT) 8(5):1278–1283 (ISSN: 2249-8958)
Cogam D, Cleary J, Phelan T, McNamara E, Bowkett M, Diamond D (2013) Integrated flow analysis platform for the direct detection of nitrate in water using a simplified chromotropic acid method. Anal Methods 5:4798. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41098f
Cordell D, Drangert JO, White S (2009) The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought. Global Environ Change 19:292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009
Correa-Duarte MA, Pazos Perez N, Guerrini L, Giannini V, Alvarez-Puebla RA (2015) Boosting the quantitative inorganic surface-enhanced raman scattering sensing to the limit: the case of nitrite/nitrate detection. J Phys Chem Lett 6(5):868–874. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00115
Daneshgar S, Callegari A, Capodaglio AG, Vaccari D (2018) The potential phosphorus crisis: resource conservation and possible escape technologies: a review. Resources 7(2):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020037
Dhamgaye VP, Lodha GS, Gowri SB, Kant C (2014a) Beamline BL-07 at Indus-2: a facility for microfabrication research. J Synchrotron Radiat 21(1):259–263. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577513024934
Dhamgaye VP, Tiwari MK, Sawhney KJS, Lodha GS (2014b) Microfocussing of synchrotron X-rays using X-ray refractive lens developed at Indus-2 deep X-ray lithography beamline. Pramana 83(1):119–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-014-0757-y
Dhone MD, Gawatre PG, Balpande SS (2018) Frequency band widening technique for cantilever-based vibration energy harvesters through dynamics of fluid motion. Mater Sci Energy Tech 1(1):84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2018.06.002(ISSN 2589-2991)
Dupas R, Delmas M, Dorioz JM, Garnier J, Moatar F, Gascuel-Odoux C (2015) Assessing the impact of agricultural pressures on N and P loads and eutrophication risk. Ecol Ind 48:396–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.007
Dutt J, Davis J (2002) Current strategies in nitrite detection and their application to field analysis. J Environ Monit 4:465–471. https://doi.org/10.1039/b202670h
Dzakpasu M, Hofmann O, Scholz M, Harrington R, Jordan SN, McCarthy V (2011) Nitrogen removal in an integrated constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater. Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 46:742–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2011.571592
Graber N, Lüdi H, Widmer HM (1990) The use of chemical sensors in industry. Sens Actuators B: Chem 1(1–6):239–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(90)80208-H
Greenway GM, Haswell SJ, Petsul PH (1999) Characterisation of a micro-total analytical system for the determination of nitrite with spectrophotometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 387(1):1–10
Johnson AG, Glenn CR, Burnett WC, Peterson RN, Lucey PG (2008) Aerial infrared imaging reveals large nutrient-rich groundwater inputs to the ocean. Geophys Res Lett 35:L15606. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034574
Kabir MF, Rahman MT, Gurung A, Qiao Q (2018) Electrochemical phosphate sensors using silver nanowires treated screen printed electrodes. IEEE Sens. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2808163
LiuYanGuoWangLi QHXLJCDHL, YanChen FYLG (2009) Spectrofluorimetric determination of trace nitrite with a novel fluorescent probe. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 73(5):789–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2009.03.018
Lovett GM, Burns DA, Driscoll CT, Jenkins JC, Mitchell MJ, Lindsey R, Shanley JB, Likens GE, Richard H (2007) Who needs environmental monitoring? Front Ecol Environ 5(5):253–260. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[253:WNEM]2.0.CO;2
Manz A, Graber N, Widmer HM (1990) Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sens Actuators B: Chem 1(1–6):244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(90)80209-I
McDonald JC, Duffy DC, Anderson JR, Chiu DT, Wu H, Schueller OJA, Whitesides GM (2000) Fabrication of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Electrophoresis 21:27–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<27:AID-ELPS27>3.0.CO;2-C
Merino L (2009) Development and validation of a method for determination of residual nitrite/nitrate in foodstuffs and water after zinc reduction. Food Anal Methods 2(3):212–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-008-9052-1
Mikuska P, Večeřa Z (2003) Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in water by chemiluminescent flow-injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 495(1):225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.013
Miro M, Estela JM, Cerdà V (2003) “Application of flowing stream techniques to water analysis. Part I. Ionic species: dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients and related compounds. Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00172-3
Moorcroft MJ, James D, Compton RG (2001) “Detection and determination of nitrate and nitrite: a review. Talanta 54:785–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(01)00323-x
Peng Z, Wang C, Chen L, Chen S (2014) Peeling behavior of a viscoelastic thin-film on a rigid substrate. Int J Solids Struct 51(25–26):4596–4603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.10.011(ISSN 0020-683)
Rewatkar P, Balpande S, Kalambe J (2018) Design and development of PDMS based Channel for Fluid Analysis. Indian J Sci Tech. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst%2F2018%2Fv11i36%2F96827
Ruiz-Calero V (2005) Galceran MT 2005 Ion chromatographic separations of phosphorus species: a review. Talanta 66(2):376–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.01.027
Salve M, Wadafale A, Dindorkar G, Kalambe J (2018) Quantifying colorimetric assays in μPAD for milk adulterants detection using colorimetric android application. Micro Nano Lett 13(11):1520–1524. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5334
Sanseverino I, Conduto D, Pozzoli L, Dobricic S (2016) Lettieri Teresa “Algal Bloom and Its Economic Impact”, European commission. Joint Res Centre: Publ Off: Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2788/660478
Shukla R, Dhamgaye VP, Jain VK, Sankar PR, Mukherjee C, Pant BD, Lodha GS (2014) Fabrication of high aspect ratio comb-drive actuator using deep X-ray lithography at Indus-2. Microsyst Tech 20(7):1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-014-2230-8
Sieben VJ et al (2010) Microfluidic colourimetric chemical analysis system: Application to nitrite detection. Anal. Methods 2(5):484–491. https://doi.org/10.1039/C002672G
Slater C, Cleary J, McGraw CM, Yerazunis WS, Lau KT, Diamond D (2007) Autonomous field-deployable device for the measurement of phosphate in natural water Proc of SPIE Vol. 6755 67550L-1, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.733754
Suzuki K, Asahi K, Watanabe A (2015) Basic study on receiving light signal by LED for bidirectional visible light communications. Electron Commun Jpn. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11608
Talarico D, Arduini F, Amine A, Moscone D, Palleschi G (2015) Screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black nanoparticles for phosphate detection by measuring the electroactive phosphomolybdate complex. Talanta 141:267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.006
Thorsen T, Maerkl SJ, Quake SR (2002) Microfluidic large-scale integration. Science 298(5593):580–584. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076996
Waghwani B, Balpande S, Kalambe J (2019) Development of microfluidic paper based analytical device for detection of phosphate in water. Int J Innov Tech Explor Eng (IJITEE) 8(6S) (ISSN: 2278-3075)
Wetzel RG (2004) The nitrogen cycle. In Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. In: Wetzel, RG (ed.) Gulf 725 Professional Publishing, pp 205–237
Whitesides GM (2006) The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 442(7101):368–373. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05058
ZamparasZacharias MI (2014) Restoration of eutrophic freshwater by managing internal nutrient loads. A review. Sci Total Environ 496:551–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.076
Zhang M, Zhang Z, Yuan D, Feng S, Baomin L (2011) An automatic gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometric system using a UV-LED photodiode based detector for determination of nitrite and total nitrate. Talanta 84(2):443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.048
Acknowledgements
The fabrication work of microfluidic channels was carried out at X-ray lithography beamline (BL-7), Indus-2, RRCAT (Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), India. The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Nitin Khantwal for his strong technical assistance throughout the fabrication work. The authors would like to thank Dr. Pragya Tiwari and Dr. Arvind Kumar Srivastava, for their support during the fabrication. Prof.Vishal Rathee, Assistant Professor, Dept of Electronics Engineering, RCOEM (Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management ) Nagpur also acknowledged for his support during the entire project. The project development and characterization was carried out at the Centre for Microsystems, with assistance under Young Faculty Research Scheme (YFRS), RCOEM, Nagpur.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Waghwani, B.B., Ali, S.S., Anjankar, S.C. et al. In vitro detection of water contaminants using microfluidic chip and luminescence sensing platform. Microfluid Nanofluid 24, 73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-020-02381-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-020-02381-z