Abstract
Aim
This study aimed to screen healthy individuals with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Methods
This study was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used was the CANRISK questionnaire.
Results
Approximately 327 respondents participated in this study. The result of the study shows that 34.5% (n = 113) of participants had a low-risk factor, 40.7% (n = 133) had a medium risk factor, and approximately 24.8% (n = 81) of them had a high-risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the next ten years based on the CANRISK questionnaire assessment. There was a positive correlation between the total score of the CANRISK and age (p = 0.000; r = 0.511), BMI (p = 0.000; r = 0.657), and waist circumference (p = 0.000; r = 0.673). In a differential test analysis, there were significant differences between gender (p = 0.000), history of hypertension (p = 0.000), family history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), and education (p = 0.001) in the risk category of the CANRISK.
Conclusion
The higher the total score obtained based on the CANRISK questionnaire, the higher the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the next ten years.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
All data related to this study was kept under the supervision of the research team.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Anderson C (2000) Health promotion in community pharmacy: the UK situation patient. Educ Couns 39:285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0738-3991(99)00025-7
Ayorinde AA, Porteous T, Sharma P (2013) Screening for major diseases in community pharmacies: a systematic review. Int J Pharm Pract 21:349–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12041
Bhattacherjee S, Datta S, Roy JK, Chakraborty M (2015) A cross-sectional assessment of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in a sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal, India Using who Steps Approach. J Assoc Phys India 63:34–40
Braveman PA, Tarimo E, World Health Organization (1994) Screening in primary health care: setting priorities with limited resources. World Health Organization, Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40509
Buijsse B, Simmons RK, Griffin SJ, Schulze MB (2011) Risk assessment tools for identifying individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Epidemiol Rev 33:46–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxq019
Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S (2016) Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 20:546–551. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.183480
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, FernhallvB RJG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, Chasan-Taber L, Albright AL, Braun B (2010) Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care 33:e147–e167. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-9990
Cullmann M, Hilding A, Östenson CG (2012) Alcohol consumption and risk of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes development in a Swedish population. Diabetic Med: J British Diabetic Assoc 29:441–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03450.x
Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung P-R (2019) DIfE – DEUTSCHER DIABETES-RISIKO-TEST® (DRT). Der Diabetologe 15:43–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-018-0441-9
Fowler MJ (2008) Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes. Clin Diabetes 26:77–82. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.26.2.77
Freemantle N, Holmes J, Hockey A, Kumar S (2008) How strong is the association between abdominal obesity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes? Int J Clin Pract 62:1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01805.x
Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y (2000) Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutrition 72:694–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694
George J, Zairina E (2016) The potential role of pharmacists in chronic disease screening. Int J Pharm Pract 24:3–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12246
Hellgren MI, Petzold M, Björkelund C, Wedel H, Jansson P-A, Lindblad U (2012) Feasibility of the FINDRISC questionnaire to identify individuals with impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish primary care. A cross-sectional population-based study. Diabetic Med 29:1501–1505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03664.x
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC (2001) Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 345:790–797. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010492
Indonesia’s Ministry of Health (2020) Tetap Produktif, Cegah dan Atasi Diabetes Mellitus. Minsitry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20120100005/infodatin-tetap-produktif-cegah-dan-atasi-diabetes-melitus-2020.html
Kaczorowski J, Robinson C, Nerenberg K (2009) Development of the CANRISK questionnaire to screen for prediabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Canadian J Diabetes 33:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-2671(09)34008-3
Karuranga S, Malanda B, Saeedi P, Salpea P (2019) IDF diabetes atlas. International Diabetes Federation. https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346:393–403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, Manrique C, Sowers JR (2014) Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 43:103–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005
Martin E, Ruf E, Landgraf R, Hauner H, Weinauer F, Martin S (2011) FINDRISK questionnaire combined with HbA1c testing as a potential screening strategy for undiagnosed diabetes in a healthy population. Hormone Metab Res 43:782–787. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1286333
McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG (1991) Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in south Asians. Lancet 337:382–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91164-p
Naser AY, Alwafi H, Alsairafi Z (2020) Cost of hospitalisation and length of stay due to hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 18:1847–1847. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.2.1847
Naser KA, Gruber A, Thomson GA (2006) The emerging pandemic of obesity and diabetes: are we doing enough to prevent a disaster? Int J Clin Pract 60(2006):1093–1097
Pottie K, Jaramillo A, Lewin G, Dickinson J, Bell N, Brauer P, Dunfield L, Joffres M, Singh H, Tonelli M (2012) Recommendations on screening for type 2 diabetes in adults. CMAJ 184:1687–1696. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.120732
Saaristo T et al (2010) Cardiometabolic profile of people screened for high risk of type 2 diabetes in a national diabetes prevention programme (FIN-D2D). Prim Care Diabetes 4:231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2010.05.005
Sandhu S, Singh M, Chauhan R, Mazta S, Prashar A (2016) Risk factor profile for non-communicable diseases in public institutions of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Commun Med Public Health 3:3063–3067. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20163912
Śliwińska-Mossoń M, Milnerowicz H (2017) The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications. Diab Vasc Dis Res 14:265–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164117701876
Štiglic G, Fijačko N, Stožer A, Sheikh A, Pajnkihar M (2016) Validation of the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) questionnaire for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes screening in the Slovenian working population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 120:194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.08.010
Strong K, Wald N, Miller A, Alwan A (2005) Current concepts in screening for noncommunicable disease: World Health Organization Consultation Group Report on methodology of noncommunicable disease screening. J Med Screen 12:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1258/0969141053279086
Tsai AG, Williamson DF, Glick HA (2011) Direct medical cost of overweight and obesity in the USA: a quantitative systematic review. Obes Rev 12:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00708.x
Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, LouherantaA RM, Salminen V, Uusitupa M (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200105033441801
Wong KC, Brown AM, Li SC (2011) AUSDRISK - application in general practice. Australian Fam Phys 40:524–526
Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W (2014) Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci 11:1185–1200. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.10001
Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J (2001) Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 414:782–787. https://doi.org/10.1038/414782a
Funding
This study was supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (DRPM – PDUPT 2019–2021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EZ conceived the project idea and obtained the funding for the study. EZ further developed the study with input from AS and GN. SIKS, EER, and AP contributed to the data collection and data analysis. All authors made substantial contribution in designing the questionnaire, analyzing the data, interpretation of results, reviewing and interpreting the results. The authors reviewed the work critically and agreed to the final approval of the work to be published.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest/competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics declaration
This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety and is not under consideration by another journal. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Public Health Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia (Ref: 144/EA/KEPK/2019).
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants in the study.
Consent for publication
All authors have contributed significantly to the work, are aware of this submission, and agree with it.
Research involving human participants
Ethical approval was obtained, and all procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Human Research Ethics Committee.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zairina, E., Sulistyarini, A., Nugraheni, G. et al. Screening for identifying individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes using the Canadian diabetes risk (CANRISK) questionnaire. J Public Health (Berl.) 31, 985–991 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01606-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01606-x