Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Different roles of social participation in socioeconomic disparities in depressive symptoms of Koreans across age groups

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aim

We investigated how socioeconomic status and positive social interactions and involvement as the key determinants of mental health outcomes are combined together to associate differentially with depressive symptoms across the life stages.

Subjects and methods

We examined socioeconomic inequalities in depression and the extent to which different types of social participation can explain and reduce them from young to old-old age groups. We analyzed the data from the Korean Community Health Survey in 2017 using the negative binomial model. We additionally provided results from generalized linear models to compare indirect effects based on the product method and conditional indirect effects. We also visualized the moderating effects of socioeconomic status on the relationships between social participation and depression.

Results

Socioeconomic gaps in depressive symptoms become larger in later life after 65 years of age. Activities for companionship, volunteering, and leisure and to a lesser degree daily interactions with friends partially account for higher levels of depression due to lower socioeconomic status. In contrast, social contact with family and neighbors has a suppression effect as it is rather negatively related to socioeconomic status. The overall mediation effects are strongest for the middle-aged and least for those in the old-old group. The same types of social relationships provide greater benefits for depression among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, with the overall buffering effects strongest for the middle-aged and less for the young and young-old groups. Notably, more frequent contact with family and neighbors is associated with higher depression for the old-old in the lower strata of socioeconomic status.

Conclusion

The main findings suggest appropriate interventions for depressive symptoms associated with lower socioeconomic status in different life-stage groups through reducing social disparities in formal and informal participation. Further research is needed to identify some other mechanisms and alleviating factors of increased socioeconomic inequalities in late-life depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The researcher with the required information can access the data used in this study from the KCHS website (https://chs.cdc.go.kr/chs/) after receiving approval to use the material for academic purposes.

References

  • Aartsen M, Veenstra M, Hansen T (2017) Social pathways to health: on the mediating role of the social network in the relation between socio-economic position and health. SSM Popul Health 3:419–426

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adler NE, Snibbe AC (2003) The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 12(4):119–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci TC, Ajrouch KJ, Janevic MR (2003) The effect of social relations with children on the education–health link in men and women aged 40 and over. Soc Sci Med 56(5):949–960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arber S (1989) Gender and class inequalities in health: understanding the differentials. In: Fox J (ed) Health inequalities in European countries. Gower, London, pp 25–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera M Jr (1986) Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. Am J Commun Psychol 14(4):413–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Glass T (2000) Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) social epidemiology, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 137–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonelli R, Dew RE, Koenig HG, Rosmarin DH, Vasegh S (2012) Religious and spiritual factors in depression: review and integration of the research. Depress Res Treat 2012:962860

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen DA, Inagami S, Finch B (2008) The built environment and collective efficacy. Health Place 14(2):198–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S (2004) Social relationships and health. Am Psychol 59(8):676–684

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornwell EY, Waite LJ (2009) Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. J Health Soc Behav 50(1):31–48

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona CE, Wallace G, Wesner KA (2006) Neighborhood characteristics and depression: an examination of stress processes. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 15(4):188–192

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl E, Malmberg-Heimonen I (2010) Social inequality and health: the role of social capital. Sociol Health Ill 32(7):1102–1119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diderichsen F, Evans T, Whitehead M (2001) The social basis of disparities in health. In: Evans T, Whitehead M, Diderichsen F, Bhuiya A, Wirth M (eds) Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 12–23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan GJ, Magnuson KA (2003) Off with Hollingshead: socioeconomic resources, parenting, and child development. In: Bornstein MH, Bradley RH (eds) Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 83–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton WW, Muntaner C, Sapag JC (1999) Socioeconomic stratification and mental disorder. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL (eds) A handbook for the study of mental health: social contexts, theories, and systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 259–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensel WM, Lin N (1991) The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. J Health Soc Behav 32(4):321–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Chatterji S, Leonardi M, Ayuso-Mateos JL et al (2016) The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health 16:1098

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara T, Kawachi I (2008) A prospective study of individual-level social capital and major depression in the United States. J Epidemiol Commun H 62(7):627–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geldhof GJ, Anthony KP, Selig JP, Mendez-Luck CA (2018) Accommodating binary and count variables in mediation: a case for conditional indirect effects. Int J Behav Dev 42(2):300–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer S, Hemström Ö, Peter R, Vågerö D (2006) Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology: empirical evidence against a common practice. J Epidemiol Community Health 60(9):804–810

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glass TA, De Leon CFM, Bassuk SS, Berkman LF (2006) Social engagement and depressive symptoms in late life: longitudinal findings. J Aging Health 18(4):604–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman BK, Sivaganesan A (2007) The role of social support and integration for understanding socioeconomic disparities in self-rated health and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 65(5):958–975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han KM, Han C, Shin C, Jee HJ, An H, Yoon HK et al (2018) Social capital, socioeconomic status, and depression in community-living elderly. J Psychiat Res 98:133–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes AF, Preacher KJ (2010) Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivar Behav Res 45(4):627–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hays JC, Schoenfeld DE, Blazer DG (1996) Determinants of poor self-rated health in late life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 4:188–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog AR, Ofstedal MB, Wheeler LM (2002) Social engagement and its relationship to health. Clin Geriatr Med 18(3):593–609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoebel J, Maske UE, Zeeb H, Lampert T (2017) Social inequalities and depressive symptoms in adults: the role of objective and subjective socioeconomic status. PLoS One 12(1):e0169764

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong J, Knapp M, McGuire A (2011) Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviour: a 10-year trend following economic crisis. World Psychiatry 10(1):40–44

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • House JS (2001) Understanding social factors and inequalities in health: 20th century progress and 21st century prospects. J Health Soc Behav 43(2):125–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House JS, Lantz PM, Herd P (2005) Continuity and change in the social stratification of aging and health over the life course: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study from 1986 to 2001/2002 (Americans’ changing lives study). J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 60:S15–S26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House JS, Kessler RC, Herzog AR (1990) Age, socioeconomic status, and health. Milbank Q 68:383–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D (1988) Social relationships and health. Science 241(4865):540–545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huurre T, Eerola M, Rahkonen O, Aro H (2007) Does social support affect the relationship between socioeconomic status and depression?: a longitudinal study from adolescence to adulthood. J Affect Disorders 100(1–3):55–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julien D, Gauvin L, Richard L, Kestens Y, Payette H (2013) The role of social participation and walking in depression among older adults: results from the VoisiNuAge study. Can J Aging 32(1):1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SK, Kwon TY (2008) An exploratory study on the effects of socioeconomic status on depressive symptoms across lifespan. Ment Health Soc Work 30:332–355 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Berkman LF (2001) Social ties and mental health. J Urban Health 78(3):458–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DJ, Lee S, Ki M, Kim M, Kim S, Kim Y et al (2013) Developing health inequalities indicators and monitoring the status of health inequalities in Korea. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, pp 107–121 (in Korean)

  • Kim HR, Khang YH, Yoon KJ, Kim CS (2004) Socioeconomic health inequalities and counter policies in Korea. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Seoul, pp 57–81 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D, Yoo B, Lee J (2012) Health inequalities among the elderly: mediation effect of social participation between educational level inequalities and self-rated health and depression. Korean J Soc Welf Stud 43(1):117–142 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J (2018) The relationships between perceived neighborhood characteristics and self-rated health or depression: the interaction effects with sociodemographic variables. Health Soc Welfare Rev 38(2):290–315 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Durden E (2007) Socioeconomic status and age trajectories of health. Soc Sci Med 65(12):2489–2502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Pai M (2010) Volunteering and trajectories of depression. J Aging Health 22(1):84–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Song YLA (2011) Social support: An effective resource for reducing the disparities in depression across socioeconomic strata. Korean J Sociol 45(6):175–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SL, Ju KY, Chung S (2018) The effects of income on depression among older adults: focusing on the moderating effects of social capital. J Community Welfare 65:103–136 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YB (2015) A study on the relationship between social activities and depressive symptom: focusing on difference between young-old and old-old. Korean J Reg Sociol 16(1):213–237 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosteniuk JG, Dickinson HD (2003) Tracing the social gradient in the health of Canadians: primary and secondary determinants. Soc Sci Med 57(2):263–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause N (2005) Exploring age differences in the stress-buffering function of social support. Psychol Aging 20(4):714–717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause N, Borawski-Clark E (1995) Social class differences in social support among older adults. Gerontologist 35(4):498–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16(9):606–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur M, Richard L, Gauvin L, Raymond É (2010) Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Soc Sci Med 71(12):2141–2149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Kim YB (2014) Which type of social activities decrease depression in the elderly?: an analysis of a population-based study in South Korea. Iran J Public Health 43(7):903–912

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lemon BW, Bengtson VL, Peterson JA (1972) An exploration of the activity theory of aging: activity types and life satisfaction among in-movers to a retirement community. J Gerontol 27(4):511–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin N, Ye X, Ensel WM (1999) Social support and depressed mood: a structural analysis. J Health Soc Behav 40:344–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Link BG, Phelan J (1995) Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav Spec No:80–94

  • Long JS (1997) Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorant V, Deliège D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157(2):98–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luong G, Charles ST, Fingerman KL (2011) Better with age: social relationships across adulthood. J Soc Pers Relat 28(1):9–23

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mair C, Roux AVD, Morenoff JD (2010) Neighborhood stressors and social support as predictors of depressive symptoms in the Chicago community adult health study. Health Place 16(5):811–819

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon DP, Krull JL, Lockwood CM (2000) Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prev Sci 1(4):173–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews KA, Gallo LC, Taylor SE (2010) Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections?: a progress report and blueprint for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1186:146–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miech RA, Shanahan MJ (2000) Socioeconomic status and depression over the life course. J Health Soc Behav 41:162–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AJ, Yadegarfar M, Gill J, Stubbs B (2016) Case finding and screening clinical utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 and PHQ-2) for depression in primary care: a diagnostic meta-analysis of 40 studies. BJPsych Open 2(2):127–138

  • Moon OR, Lee SY, Jeong BG, Lee SJ, Kim NS, Jhang WK, Yoon TH (2000) Differences in health behaviors among the social strata in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 33(4):469–476 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore KA, Hirsch JA, August C, Mair C, Sanchez BN, Roux AVD (2016) Neighborhood social resources and depressive symptoms: longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Urban Health 93(3):572–588

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan DL (1988) Age differences in social network participation. J Gerontology 43(4):S129–S137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulsant BH, Ganguli M, Seaberg EC (1997) The relationship between self-rated health and depressive symptoms in an epidemiological sample of community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 45(8):954–958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muntaner C, Ng E, Vanroelen C, Christ S, Eaton WW (2013) Social stratification, social closure, and social class as determinants of mental health disparities. In: Aneshensel CS, Phelan JC, Bierman A (eds) Handbook of the sociology of mental health, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 205–227

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Murrell SA, Norris FH (1991) Differential social support and life change as contributors to the social class-distress relationship in older adults. Psychol Aging 6(2):223–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musick MA, Wilson J (2003) Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med 56(2):259–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak K (2015) ‘Forgotten’: South Korea’s elderly struggle to get by. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/23/asia/s-korea-elderly-poverty/index.html

  • OECD (2020) How’s life? 2020: measuring well-being. OECD Publishing, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/statistics/how-s-life-23089679.htm

  • Park S, Choi HR, Choi JH, Kim KW, Hong JP (2010) Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the patient health questionnaire-9. Anxiety Mood 6:119–124 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P (2010) Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J health Soc Behav 51(1_suppl):S28–S40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pichler F, Wallace C (2009) Social capital and social class in Europe: the role of social networks in social stratification. Eur Sociol Rev 25(3):319–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CE (2000) Neighborhood disadvantage and adult depression. J Health Soc Behav 41(2):177–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CE, Mirowsky J (2006) Sex differences in the effect of education on depression: resource multiplication or resource substitution? Soc Sci Med 63(5):1400–1413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CE, Van Willigen M (1997) Education and the subjective quality of life. J Health Soc Behav 38:275–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CE, Wu CL (1995) The links between education and health. Am Sociol Rev 60:719–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CE, Wu CL (1996) Education, age, and the cumulative advantage in health. J Health Soc Behav 37:104–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F (1997) Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277(5328):918–924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Zenk SN, Parker EA, Lichtenstein R, Shellman-Weir S, Klem ABL (2006) Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit’s eastside. Soc Sci Med 62(2):510–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherbourne CD, Hays RD, Wells KB (1995) Personal and psychosocial risk factors for physical and mental health outcomes and course of depression among depressed patients. J Consult Clin Psych 63(3):345–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrout PE (2011) Commentary: mediation analysis, causal process, and cross-sectional data. Multivar Behav Res 46(5):852–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song E, Kim J (2012) The relationship between employment status and depression: mediating effects through income and psychosocial factors. Health Soc Welfare Rev 32(1):228–259 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford MAI, Mcmunn A, De Vogli R (2011) Neighbourhood social environment and depressive symptoms in mid-life and beyond. Ageing Soc 31(6):893–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standsfeld SA (2006) Social support and social cohesion. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson RG (eds) Social determinants of health, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 148–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SE, Seeman TE (1999) Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. Ann N Y Acad Sci 896:210–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teo AR, Choi H, Valenstein M (2013) Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 8(4):e62396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits PA (1999) Sociological approaches to mental illness. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL (eds) A handbook for the study of mental health: social contexts, theories, and systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 121–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner RJ, Lloyd DA (1999) The stress process and the social distribution of depression. J Health Soc Behav 40(4):374–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner RJ, Marino F (1994) Social support and social structure: a descriptive epidemiology. J Health Soc Behav 35:193–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner JB, Turner RJ (2013) Social relations, social integration, and social support. In: Aneshensel CS, Phelan JC, Bierman A (eds) Handbook of the sociology of mental health, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 341–356

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson D, Karas Montez J (2010) Social relationships and health: a flashpoint for health policy. J Health Soc Behav 51(1_suppl):S54–S66

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff EP, Pickett KE, Cabieses B, Small N, Wright J (2013) A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities. Int J Equity Health 12(1):54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Van Groenou MB, Deeg DJ (2010) Formal and informal social participation of the ‘young-old’ in the Netherlands in 1992 and 2002. Ageing Soc 30(3):445–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veenstra G (2000) Social capital, SES and health: an individual-level analysis. Soc Sci Med 50(5):619–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vonneilich N, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Klein J, Dragano N, Siegrist J, von Dem Knesebeck O (2012) The mediating effect of social relationships on the association between SES and subjective health–results from the Heinz Nixdorf recall cohort study. BMC Public Health 12(1):285

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weyers S, Dragano N, Möbus S, Beck EM, Stang A, Möhlenkamp S, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Siegrist J (2008) Low socio-economic position is associated with poor social networks and social support: results from the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Int J Equity Health 7(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton B (1985) Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. J Health Soc Behav 26(4):352–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR (1990) Socioeconomic differentials in health: a review and redirection. Soc Psychol Quart 53(2):81–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon SP, Yoon YW, Jeong HW, Lee HM, Oh HW, Lee JS, Cho CH (2016) Differences in healthy by women’s social position and roles: 1st-4th Korean longitudinal survey of women and families. Korean J Fam Pract 6(5):470–478 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Williams DR (1999) Socioeconomic status and mental health. In: Aneshensel CS, Phelan JC (eds) Handbook of the sociology of mental health, 1st edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 151–166

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of the present article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea

    Jae-Woo Kim

Authors
  1. Jae-Woo Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jae-Woo Kim.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) institutional review board annually approves all the procedures and protocols of the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS).

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the KCHS by the KCDC.

Competing interests

The author declares no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of the present article.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, JW. Different roles of social participation in socioeconomic disparities in depressive symptoms of Koreans across age groups. J Public Health (Berl.) 30, 2499–2512 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01556-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01556-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation