Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Validation of the sleep hygiene index for the elderly

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of a sleep hygiene index for the elderly.

Subjects and methods

A total of 598 elderly people (mean age 68.34 years) were selected through cluster sampling, and the validity and reliability of the sleep hygiene index were measured. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the structure validity, internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire. To this end, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. In addition, concurrent validities with indicators such as sleep quality, Epworth sleepiness, insomnia severity, overall sleepiness measurement and the Berlin Questionnaire were studied.

Results

The confirmatory factor analysis indexes of the structural equation model showed that the model fitted well with the data. The χ2/df ratio for the three-factor structure of sleep hygiene was 4.65, and the goodness of fit indices for this structural model (RMSEA = 0.064, CFI =0.9, TLI = 0.9, NFI = 0.9, GFI = 0.9) were good. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the whole scale was 0.78, and the re-test coefficient was 0.87.

Conclusion

The Persian version of the Sleep Hygiene Index can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing sleep hygiene in the population of non-clinical elderly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

SHI:

Sleep Health Index

ISI:

Insomnia Severity Index

ESS:

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

TLI:

Tucker-Lewis Index

NFI:

Normed Fit Index

CFS:

Chronic fatigue syndrome

GFI:

Goodness of fit index

RMSEA:

Root mean square error of approximation

CFI:

Confirmatory fit index

GSAQ:

Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire

KUMS:

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

References

  • Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö (1996) The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 7:107–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Amorim L et al (2018) Poor sleep quality associates with decreased functional and structural brain connectivity in normative aging: a MRI multimodal approach. Front Aging Neurosci 10:375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00375

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amra B, Nouranian E, Golshan M, Fietze I, Penzel T (2013) Validation of the persian version of berlin sleep questionnaire for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Prev Med 4:334–339

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM (2001) Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2:297–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chehri A, Kiamanesh A, Ahadi H, Khazaie H (2016) Psychometric properties of the Persian version of sleep hygiene index in women. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 19:311–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Chehri A, Khazaie H, Eskandari S, Khazaie S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S, Gerber MJB (2017) Validation of the Farsi version of the revised adolescent sleep hygiene scale (ASHSr): a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 17:408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho S, Kim G-S, Lee J-H (2013) Psychometric evaluation of the sleep hygiene index: a sample of patients with chronic pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11:213–213. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-213

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farrahi Moghaddam J, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, Garrusi B, Amirkafi A (2012) Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI-P). Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 16:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-010-0478-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin MR (2014) Sleep and inflammation in resilient aging. Interface focus 4:20140009–20140009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson CD, Drake CL, Scofield HM, Myers E, McClure T, Roehrs T, Roth T (2005) Sleep hygiene practices in a population-based sample of insomniacs. Sleep 28:611–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang I, Kim S, Kim BS, Yoo J, Kim M, Won CW (2019) Sleep latency in men and sleep duration in women can be frailty markers in community-dwelling older adults: the Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS). J Nutr Health Aging 23:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1109-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaie H, Chehri A, Sadeghi K, Heydarpour F, Soleimani A, Rezaei Z (2016) Sleep hygiene pattern and behaviors and related factors among general population in west of Iran. Global J Health Sci 8:114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline CE, Irish LA, Buysse DJ, Kravitz HM, Okun ML, Owens JF, Hall MH (2014) Sleep hygiene behaviors among midlife women with insomnia or sleep-disordered breathing: the SWAN sleep study. J Women's Health 23:894–903. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin C-Y, Strong C, Siu AM, Jalilolghadr S, Nilsen P, Broström A, Pakpour, AHJSM (2018) Validating the Persian adolescent sleep hygiene scale-revised (ASHSr) using comprehensive psychometric testing methods. Sleep Medicine 50:63-71.

  • Mastin DF, Bryson J, Corwyn R (2006) Assessment of sleep hygiene using the sleep hygiene index. J Behav Med 29:223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, Mollayeva S, Shapiro CM, Colantonio A (2016) The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 25:52–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okun ML, Kravitz HM, Sowers MF, Moul DE, Buysse DJ, Hall M (2009) Psychometric evaluation of the insomnia symptom questionnaire: a self-report measure to identify chronic insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 5:41–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozdemir PG, Boysan M, Selvi Y, Yildirim A, Yilmaz E (2015) Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the sleep hygiene index in clinical and non-clinical samples. Compr Psychiatry 59:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popević MB, Milovanović APS, Milovanović S, Nagorni-Obradović L, Nešić D, Velaga M (2018) Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index-Serbian translation. Eval Health Prof 41:67–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278716678906

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghniiat Haghighi K, Montazeri A, Khajeh Mehrizi A, Aminian O, Rahimi Golkhandan A, Saraei M, Sedaghat M (2013) The Epworth sleepiness scale: translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 17:419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-012-0646-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senaratna CV et al (2017) Validity of the Berlin questionnaire in detecting obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 36:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.04.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seun-Fadipe CT, Aloba OO, Oginni OA, Mosaku KSJJCSM (2018) Sleep hygiene index: psychometric characteristics and usefulness as a screening tool in a sample of Nigerian undergraduate students. J Clin Sleep Med 14:1285–1292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikhy L, Karami-mattin B, Chupani J, Hookari S, Fallah B (2015) Evaluation the status of sleep quality in elderly people in Kermanshah city. J Rehabil Med 3:81–88. (Inpersian). https://doi.org/10.22037/r.m.v3i4.7850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonelli G, Marshall NS, Grillakis A, Miller CB, Hoyos CM, Glozier N (2018) Sleep health epidemiology in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleep duration. Sleep health 4:239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.03.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith S, Trinder J (2001) Detecting insomnia: comparison of four self-report measures of sleep in a young adult population. J Sleep Res 10:229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storfer-Isser A, Lebourgeois MK, Harsh J, Tompsett CJ, Redline S (2013) Psychometric properties of the adolescent sleep hygiene scale. J Sleep Res 22:707–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12059

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki K, Miyamoto M, Hirata K (2017) Sleep disorders in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Journal of general and family medicine 18:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka H (2015) Sleep disorder and sleep health promotion for the elderly. Nihon rinsho Japanese journal of clinical medicine 73:909–915

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voinescu BI, Szentagotai-Tatar A (2015) Sleep hygiene awareness: its relation to sleep quality and diurnal preference. Journal of molecular psychiatry 3:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40303-015-0008-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, Elmizadeh K (2012) Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS 19:31–36

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zamanian Z, Nikeghbal K, Khajehnasiri F (2016) Influence of sleep on quality of life among hospital nurses electronic. Physician 8:1811–1816. https://doi.org/10.19082/1811

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Deputy for Research and Technology (grant no. 95668), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, for cooperating in this research. We thank all the participants in the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Azita Chehri & Leila Parsa

  2. Student Research Committee, Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran

    Azita Chehri, Sepideh Khazaie & Habibolah Khazaie

  3. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Amir Jalali

Authors
  1. Azita Chehri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leila Parsa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sepideh Khazaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Habibolah Khazaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amir Jalali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Azita Chehri contributed to the study concept, study design, data collection and manuscript preparation.

Layla Parsa contributed to the study concept, study design, data collection and manuscript preparation.

Sepideh Khazaie contributed to the study concept, study design and manuscript preparation.

Habibolah Khazaie contributed to the study concept, study design, data collection and manuscript preparation.

Amir Jalali contributed to the study concept, study design, data analysis, manuscript preparation and submitting the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amir Jalali.

Ethics declarations

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

In this research, the ethical considerations including the principles of confidentiality of information, obtaining written informed consent for participating in study, publication and having the right to withdraw from the research at any time were observed. This study was approved by the research committee (grant no. 95668) and ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS.REC 1397.678).

Consent for publication

All the authors and the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences consented to publish the study in this journal.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chehri, A., Parsa, L., Khazaie, S. et al. Validation of the sleep hygiene index for the elderly. J Public Health (Berl.) 29, 787–793 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01180-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-019-01180-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation