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Parasitoses with central nervous system involvement

Parasitosen mit Beteiligung des Zentralnervensystems

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Summary

Most of the parasitoses manifest systemically, including the central nervous system (CNS). Among the most prevalent parasitoses in Central Europe (cysticercosis, toxocarosis, echinococcosis, and toxoplasmosis), cerebral involvement is well recognized and part of the clinical presentation, which cannot be neglected. CNS involvement results from invasion of larvae of these parasites via the blood stream or by direct migration into the CNS. Most frequently larvae reside within the cerebral parenchyma, but sometimes also within the ventricles, in the meningeas within cerebral aneurysms, or in the parenchyma of the spinal cord. Depending on the stage of their development, they cause a local defect or more widespread damage, such as encephalitis, ventriculitis, ependymitis, arachnoiditis, meningitis, myelitis, polyradiculitis, mechanical obstruction of the arterial or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, or vasculitis with appropriate clinical presentations. These include epilepsy, headache, impaired consciousness, orientation, cognition, focal neurological motor, sensory, or vegetative deficits, or visual impairment. CNS involvement is diagnosed on the clinical presentation, the epidemiological background, blood and CSF investigations, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment is based on various antihelminthic agents and, occasionally, surgery.

Zusammenfassung

Die meisten Parasitosen manifestieren systemisch unter Einschluss des ZNS. Unter den häufigsten Parasitosen Zentraleuropas (Zysticercose, Toxocarose, Echinococcose, und Toxoplasmosis) ist die Beteiligung des Zentralnervensystems gut bekannt und meist Teil der klinischen Präsentation. Die Beteiligung des ZNS resultiert aus der Invasion von Larven dieser Parasiten über den Blutstrom oder durch direkte Migration in das ZNS. Am häufigsten nisten sich diese Larven im Parenchym des ZNS ein, manchmal aber auch in den Ventrikeln, den Meningen, in cerebralen Aneurysmen, oder im Rückenmark. In Abhängigkeit vom Stadium verursachen diese Larven eine fokale oder systemische Schädigung wie beispielsweise eine Enzephalitis, Ventrikulitis, Ependymitis, Arachnoiditis, Meningitis, Myelitis, Polyradikulitis, mechanische Behinderung des arteriellen oder Liquor Flusses, oder eine Vaskulitis mit entsprechender klinischer Präsentation. Klinisch manifestieren diese ZNS Pathologien als Kopfschmerz, Epilepsie, Bewusstseinsstörung, Orientierungsstörung, Störung der Kognition, als motorische, sensible oder vegetative Defizite, oder als Sehstörung. Die ZNS Beteiligung bei Parasitosen wird auf Grund der Klinik, des epidemiologischen Hintergrundes, auf Grund Blut bzw. Liquor Untersuchungen, Bildgebung, oder manchmal mittels Biopsie diagnostiziert. Die Therapie basiert auf der Gabe von Antihelminthika und gelegentlich Resektion.

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Correspondence to Josef Finsterer MD, PhD.

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Finsterer, J., Frank, M. Parasitoses with central nervous system involvement. Wien Med Wochenschr 164, 400–404 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0307-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0307-8

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