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Responses of ground-dwelling birds and mammals to local environmental variables and human pressure in an Amazonian protected area

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Abstract

Vertebrates play key roles as seed dispersers, herbivores, and top predators in tropical ecosystems. Therefore, obtaining population estimates for these species and understanding the factors that affect them are essential for wildlife management since changes in their populations have consequences for entire ecosystems. Vertebrate abundances in tropical forest may be related to habitat characteristics, resource seasonality, and human pressure. However, how ecological variables and human pressure concurrently influence animal abundances is not well understood. We investigated the associations between the number of records of vertebrates (ground-dwelling birds and medium- and large-sized mammals) and habitat features, food availability, and human pressure in a sustainable protected area in the Brazilian Amazon of western Pará, Brazil. Our study design included the recording of animals at 38 camera trap stations, sampling of environmental variables (canopy cover, leaf area index, tree height, and local altitude) and food resources (fruit or prey biomass), and measurement of a hunting pressure proxy (distance from human settlements). Our results indicated that groups responded in different ways: omnivorous mammals were affected positively by local altitude, canopy openness, and leaf area index; game birds were affected positively by local altitude and leaf area index; ungulates were affected negatively by local altitude and positively by food resources; and large rodents were affected only by food resources (positively). In contrast, insectivorous mammals and mesopredators were not affected by any variable we tested. Surprisingly, no groups responded to distance from human access, although the low number of records of large species, such Tapirus terrestris and Dicotyles tajacu, suggests that the sampled area may suffer from significant hunting pressure.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available as supplemental material.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Instituto Brasileiro de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for providing permits (SISBIO no. 67787-3). DCPR received a master’s fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). CR received a post-doctoral fellowship from Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). CRB received a post-doctoral fellowship from  CAPES (CAPES, Brazil, Finance Code 001). ABC received a doctoral fellowship from CNPq. The English review of the manuscript was supported by Edital 03/2021/PROPPIT/UFOPA–Programa de Apoio à Produção Científica Qualificada–PAPCIQ/UFOPA. Adrian A Barnett helped with the English language. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped to improve the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), PROCAD-AM (proc. # 88881.314420/2019-01), and PELD (LTER) POPA by the Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (proc. # 441443/2016-8).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Rua Vera Paz, CEP 68040-255, Santarém, Pará, Brazil

    Carlos R. Brocardo, Dian C. P. Rosa & Rodrigo F. Fadini

  2. Instituto Neotropical: Pesquisa e Conservação, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Carlos R. Brocardo

  3. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Estr. p/ Boa Esperança, km 04-Zona Rural, Dois Vizinhos, CEP 85660-000, Paraná, Brazil

    Carlos R. Brocardo

  4. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias-PPP, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Dian C. P. Rosa

  5. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil

    Arlison B. Castro & Kelly Torralvo

  6. Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Santarém, Pará, Brazil

    Arlison B. Castro

  7. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Clarissa Rosa & William E. Magnusson

  8. Universidade Federal de Roraima, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

    Pedro Pequeno

Authors
  1. Carlos R. Brocardo
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  2. Dian C. P. Rosa
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  3. Arlison B. Castro
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  4. Clarissa Rosa
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  5. Kelly Torralvo
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  6. Pedro Pequeno
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  7. William E. Magnusson
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  8. Rodrigo F. Fadini
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Contributions

The study conception and design were performed by Rodrigo F. Fadini, Carlos R. Brocardo, Dian P. Rosa, Clarissa Rosa, Arlison C. Bezerra, and William E. Magnusson. Data collection was performed by Dian P. Rosa, Arlison C. Bezerra, Carlos R. Brocardo, Clarissa Rosa, Kelly Torralvo, and Rodrigo F. Fadini. The analyses were performed by Carlos R. Brocardo, Rodrigo F. Fadini, and Pedro Pequeno. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Carlos R. Brocardo and Rodrigo F. Fadini, while all authors commented on subsequent versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos R. Brocardo.

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Brocardo, C.R., Rosa, D.C.P., Castro, A.B. et al. Responses of ground-dwelling birds and mammals to local environmental variables and human pressure in an Amazonian protected area. Eur J Wildl Res 69, 48 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01677-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-023-01677-z

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