Abstract
Telenomus remus (Nixon) is an egg parasitoid of several Spodoptera spp. insects, especially the destructive agricultural pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Studies showed that this parasitoid can be efficiently reared on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) eggs. Understanding the relationship among parasitoid age, host egg age, and parasitism efficiency is an important part of mass-rearing biological control agents. To this end, we measured the impacts of female T. remus age (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-day-old), S. litura egg age (1-, 2-, and 3-day-old), and their interactions on parasitism capacity, developmental time, offspring fitness, and oviposition behavior. The results indicated that the 3-day-old and 4-day-old parasitoids had higher parasitism performance on all age eggs than 1-day-old and 2-day-old parasitoids, especially on 3-day-old eggs. The number of parasitized eggs decreased as egg age increased, and the developmental time of the progeny increased. The emergence rate and percentage of females were hardly affected. For oviposition behavior, 4-day-old parasitoids showed the same drumming and oviposition time on different age eggs, while for others the drumming, drilling, oviposition, and total time increased with increasing S. litura egg age. In summary, the optimal combinations were 3-day-old or 4-day-old female parasitoids and 1-day-old or 2-day-old S. litura eggs. The findings presented in this study can be employed to enhance T. remus mass-rearing efficiency and availability.
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Acknowledgements
We thank EditSprings (https://www.editsprings.com/) for providing expert linguistic services. We would like to thank Prof. Zhenying Wang, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and Prof. Zhuhong Wang, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, for the help provided with the experimental materials.
Funding
This research was funded by the Major Projects of China National Tobacco Corporation (110202001032 (LS-01)), the Projects of Guizhou Tobacco Corporation (201936, 201937, and 201941), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-ZDRW202108).
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Communicated by Su Wang.
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Chen, W., Wang, M., Li, Y. et al. Providing aged parasitoids can enhance the mass-rearing efficiency of Telenomus remus, a dominant egg parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda, on Spodoptera litura eggs. J Pest Sci 96, 1379–1392 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-022-01579-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-022-01579-0