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Predominant role of survival on the population dynamics of a threatened species: evidence from prospective analyses and implication for hunting regulation

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Abstract

In Europe, many bird populations have undergone strong declines over the last decades. The European Turtle Dove is an iconic declining bird species that can be legally hunted in ten EU countries, with hundreds of thousands of birds being harvested annually in western Europe alone. The European Union urgently required from these member states to tackle illegal and legal unsustainable hunting to support migratory bird conservation (BirdLife International in European red list of birds. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22690419/1, 2021), and to consider that a careful regulation of harvest for declining hunted species should be the norm. In this study, we investigated turtle dove population dynamics in the western European flyway. The objective was to assess the current population growth rate, the relative importance of survival, and fecundity in determining prospective turtle dove population change, and to quantify the current level of harvest at the western flyway scale. We developed a population model including recent estimates of vital rates obtained from the core of the breeding distribution in the western flyway. The outputs of the model reproduced the declining trend of the European Turtle Dove and identified a predominant role of survival on prospective population dynamics, implying a potential positive effect of hunting regulation on population growth. Our results support the idea that actions increasing survival, among which hunting regulation, may be an important leverage for population management in this species. This study represents a major step towards a thoughtful adaptive management approach of the turtle dove population, and could be used as a template for other declining hunted bird species.

Zusammenfassung

Die besondere Rolle des Überlebens für die Populationsdynamik einer bedrohten Art: Erkenntnisse aus vorausschauenden Analysen und Auswirkungen auf die Regulierung der Bejagung.

In Europa haben viele Vogelpopulationen in den letzten Jahrzehnten einen starken Rückgang erfahren. Die Turteltaube (Streptopelia turtur) ist eine besonders stark vom Aussterben bedrohte Vogelart, die in 10 EU-Ländern legal gejagt werden kann, mit jährlich Hunderttausenden von nur allein in Westeuropa erlegten Tieren. Die Europäische Union forderte die betreffenden zehn Mitgliedstaaten dringend auf, die illegale und auch legale, aber nicht nachhaltige, Jagd zum Schutz der Zugvögel zu unterbinden (BirdLife International 2021) und darüber nachzudenken, dass eine schonende Regulierung der Jagd für solche vom Aussterben bedrohte Arten zur Norm erhoben weden sollte. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir die Populationsdynamik von Turteltauben auf ihrer westeuropäischen Zugroute. Ziel war es, die derzeitige Wachstumsrate der Population, die relative Bedeutung von Überleben und Fruchtbarkeit bei der Bestimmung der voraussichtlichen Populationsveränderung der Turteltaube zu bewerten und das derzeitige Ausmaß ihrer Bejagung auf der westlichen Zugroute zu quantifizieren. Wir entwickelten ein Populationsmodell mit aktuellen Schätzungen der Vitalitätsraten aufgrund von Daten aus den Haupt-Brutgebieten auf der westlichen Zugroute. Die Ergebnisse des Modells bestätigten den rückläufigen Trend bei der Europäischen Turteltaube und ergaben, dass die Überlebensrate bei der zukünftigen Populationsdynamik eine vorherrschende Rolle spielt, was eine potenziell positive Auswirkung der Regulierung der Bejagung auf das Populationswachstum nahelegt. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstützen die Annahme, dass Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Überlebensrate, darunter die Regulierung der Jagd, ein wichtiger Ausgangspunkt für das Bestandsmanagement bei dieser Art sein können. Die Studie stellt einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung eines wohlüberlegten, angepassten Managementansatzes für die Turteltaubenpopulation dar und könnte als Modell für andere rückläufige, bejagte Vogelarten dienen.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. This study was carried out in the frame of a contract with the European Commission (Developing a Population Model and an Adaptive Harvest Management Mechanism for Turtle Dove—Streptopelia turtur, ENV.D.3/SER /2019/0021).The monitoring of breeding attempts in Spain was supported by projects “Aspectos clave del paisaje y hábitat de reproducción para la gestión y conservación de la tórtola europea” and “Estudio de parámetros poblacionales críticos para la tórtola europea: Aplicaciones para su gestión”, funded by Fundación Biodiversidad (PI Beatriz Arroyo) and Project TURTURSUST RTI2018-096348-R-C22, funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PI Miguel Delibes-Mateos).

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Léo Bacon, MG, BA, CC, RF, CS, and HL. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LB and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Léo Bacon.

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Bacon, L., Guillemain, M., Arroyo, B. et al. Predominant role of survival on the population dynamics of a threatened species: evidence from prospective analyses and implication for hunting regulation. J Ornithol 164, 275–285 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-02038-4

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