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Historical climate change as driver of populational range expansion and differentiation in a rare and partially migratory Neotropical bird

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Abstract

Populations peripheral to a species’ distribution are more susceptible to new selective pressures, changes, differentiation, and extinction. The Sooty Swift Cypseloides fumigatus (Apodidae) is a rare bird found mainly in central and southeastern South America. Populations of this species are resident in some localities throughout the year, whereas other populations migrate following the breeding season. Recently, a northern population was found well beyond the limits of its known distribution, with approximately 1000 km of occurrence gap between this newly discovered population and the southern distribution. Here, we reveal changes in species distribution over time, as well as compare the morphometric and genetic patterns of populations in the central-southern distribution of the Atlantic Forest and the northern peripheral population within the Caatinga. Our climate niche models indicate a scenario of expanding species distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum, which potentially drove the colonization of the northernmost population. This scenario of peripheral isolation is also supported by the spatial morphometric and genetic variation among populations of the humid forest enclave within the Caatinga and the Cerrado–Atlantic Forest populations. These findings provide important insights into the connectivity between distant Sooty Swift populations, the species' migratory behavior, as well as implications for conservation.

Zusammenfassung

Historischer Klimawandel als Auslöser für Ausbreitung und Auftrennung einer seltenen, teilziehenden neotropischen Vogelart 

Populationen aus den Randbereichen des Verbreitungsgebiets einer Art sind empfindlicher gegenüber neuen Selektionsdrücken, Veränderungen, Differenzierung und Aussterben. Der Rauchsegler Cypseloides fumigatus (Apodidae) ist ein seltener Vogel, der hauptsächlich im zentralen und südöstlichen Südamerika vorkommt. Populationen dieser Art sind mancherorts Standvögel, während andere im Anschluss an die Brutsaison abwandern. Kürzlich wurde eine nördliche Population deutlich außerhalb der Grenzen des bisher bekannten Verbreitungsgebiets entdeckt, die durch eine Verbreitungslücke von etwa 1.000 km vom südlichen Areal der Art getrennt ist. Wir zeigen zeitliche Veränderungen der Artverbreitung und vergleichen morphometrische und genetische Muster in Populationen des zentral-südlichen Verbreitungsgebiets im Atlantischen Regenwald und in der nördlichen, peripheren Population innerhalb de Caatinga. Unsere Klima-Nischenmodelle weisen auf ein Szenario mit einer Ausweitung des Verbreitungsgebiets der Art auf dem Höhepunkt der letzten Eiszeit hin, die möglicherweise die Kolonisierung der am weitesten nördlich gelegenen Population vorangetrieben hat. Dieses Szenario einer peripheren Isolation wird auch durch die räumliche morphometrische und genetische Variabilität zwischen Populationen der feuchten Wald-Enklave innerhalb der Caatinga und den Cerrado/Atlantischer Regenwald-Populationen gestützt. Aus diesen Ergebnisse leiten sich wichtige Erkenntnisse über die möglichen Verbindungen zwischen entfernten Rauchsegler-Populationen, über das Wanderverhalten der Art sowie ihren Schutz.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for funding this study. (CNPq Grants 312404/2019-0 to JA and 311539/2019-0 to PSR), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nıível Superior—Brasil (CAPES process 88882.444617/2019-01 to LWL and 88881.337398/2019-01 to PSR). The Instituto Ambiental Paraná (IAP) authorized access to the Vila Velha State Park and CEMAVE/ICMBio provided bands and permission for bird captures. We thank Adolfo G. Navarro Siguenza, Carla Suertegaray Fontana, Glayson Ariel Bencke, Luís Fábio Silveira, Helder F. P. de Araújo, Pedro Scherer-Neto, and Pablo L. for access to data on museum specimens or access to collections. We also acknowledge Stephen Ferrari for revising the manuscript. The study is in accordance with the current laws in Brazil.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Leilton Willians Luna, Cleyssian Dias & Renata Neves Biancalana

  2. Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, CB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil

    Mauro Pichorim

  3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

    Victor Leandro-Silva

  4. Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Caucaia, CE, Brazil

    Weber Andrade de Girão e Silva

  5. Laboratório de Genética e Conservação, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil

    Juliana Araripe & Péricles Sena do Rêgo

  6. Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal

    Juliana Araripe & Péricles Sena do Rêgo

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  1. Leilton Willians Luna
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10336_2021_1948_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file1 Fig. S1 Map of the occurrence localities of the Sooty Swift used as the input data for the environmental niche modeling. Fig. S2 Sooty Swift's historical niche distribution models, represented in binary values of absence (0–gray area), and presence (1—green areas). Fig. S3 Histogram of Schoener’s D values for the similarity and equivalence tests. A Similarity test comparing the central-southern population and northern population (D = 0.028; p = 0.31). B Similarity test comparing the northern and central-southern populations (D = 0.028; p = 0.34). C Equivalence test comparing the central-southern and northern populations (D = 0.028; p = 0.19), and D Equivalence test comparing the northern and central-southern populations (D = 0.028; p = 0.29). Fig. S4 A Niche overlap of the two populations in the environmental space of the study area (PCA-env). The green shading represents the niche space of the southern population and the red shading, the northern population. Blue represents the overlap of the environmental space between the populations. B Representation of the contribution of the environmental variables (DOCX 752 KB)

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Luna, L.W., Dias, C., Pichorim, M. et al. Historical climate change as driver of populational range expansion and differentiation in a rare and partially migratory Neotropical bird. J Ornithol 163, 495–507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01948-z

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