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Contrasting patterns of geographical song variation in two closely related passerine species with a simple song

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Abstract

Decades of research on geographic variation of birdsong have provided evidence that passerine vocalization often diverges among populations. We asked whether even songs so simple that they superficially resemble stridulating insects vary geographically. We focused on two closely related species of the genus Locustella, the River Warbler (L. fluviatilis) and the Grasshopper Warbler (L. naevia). At four Central European localities separated by 85–380 km, we recorded 62 River Warbler males, and at three of these sites, we also recorded 32 coexisting Grasshopper Warbler males. We hypothesized to observe differences among geographically distant populations in both species. However, only the song of River Warbler diverged among the localities in structural and quantitative parameters, especially in the number, frequency and position of high-amplitude notes within the repeated syllables. Discriminant analysis successfully classified 80% of all River Warbler males to their respective population, in agreement with our subjective classification of songs into several categories. In contrast, the populations of Grasshopper Warbler at the same spatial scale could not be differentiated either by visual inspection or by any of the measured song characteristics. Further comparison with spectrograms available from the European range of both species supported these patterns also on a larger geographical scale, with additional distinct River Warbler song types observed out of our study region, but similarly looking Grasshopper Warbler song types distributed across the continent. Different patterns of song geographic variation in the two coexisting, closely related species highlight species-specific traits that contribute to song divergence and imply the great diversity in singing behaviour among songbirds.

Zusammenfassung

Unterschiedliche Muster geografischer Gesangsvariation bei zwei nahe verwandten Singvogelarten mit schlichtem Gesang

Jahrzehntelange Erforschung der geografischen Variation von Vogelgesängen lieferte Belege dafür, dass sich die Lautäußerungen von Singvögeln oft zwischen Populationen unterscheiden. Wir stellten uns die Frage, ob sogar solche Gesänge geografisch variieren, die so schlicht sind, dass sie oberflächlich an stridulierende Insekten erinnern. Wir konzentrierten uns auf zwei nahe verwandte Arten der Gattung Locustella, den Schlagschwirl L. fluviatilis und den Feldschwirl L. naevia. An vier 85 bis 380 km voneinander entfernten Orten in Mitteleuropa nahmen wir 62 Schlagschwirlmännchen auf; an dreien dieser Orte machten wir außerdem Aufnahmen von 32 ebenfalls dort lebenden Feldschwirlmännchen. Wir postulierten das Auftreten von Unterschieden zwischen geografisch getrennten Populationen bei beiden Arten. Allerdings unterschieden sich nur die Gesänge des Schlagschwirls zwischen den Orten bezüglich ihrer strukturellen und quantitativen Parameter, hier besonders in Anzahl, Frequenz und Anordnung der Töne mit hoher Amplitude innerhalb der wiederholten Silben. Mittels Diskriminanzanalysen konnten erfolgreich 80% aller Schlagschwirlmännchen ihrer jeweiligen Population zugeordnet werden, was mit unserer subjektiven Einteilung der Gesänge in verschiedene Kategorien übereinstimmte. Im Gegensatz dazu gelang es weder durch visuelle Betrachtung noch mittels eines der erfassten Gesangsmerkmale, die Feldschwirlpopulationen im selben räumlichen Maßstab zu unterscheiden. Weitergehende Vergleiche mit für die europäischen Verbreitungsgebiete beider Arten verfügbaren Sonagramme bestätigten diese Muster auch für einen größeren geografischen Maßstab, das heißt außerhalb unseres Untersuchungsgebietes gab es beim Schlagschwirl weitere eindeutige Gesangsvarianten, wohingegen Feldschwirle kontinentweit ähnliche Gesangstypen zeigten. Das Auftreten verschiedener Muster der geografischen Gesangsvariation bei zwei gemeinsam vorkommenden, nahe verwandten Vogelarten unterstreicht artspezifische Merkmale, die zur Gesangsvielfalt beitragen und ist ein Zeichen der großen Diversität des Gesangsverhaltens bei Singvögeln.

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Analysed songs will be provided via the Journal of Ornithology sound library.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dušan Kerestúr, Miroslav Demko, Peter Chrašč and Jiří Sviečka for assistance during the fieldwork, and Juraj Prochádzka for the map preparation. We also thank Slovak Ringing Centre for providing data on ringing of concerned species of our study, as well as its members for field acquisition of these data. We appreciate the efforts of the xeno-canto (www.xeno-canto.org) team and community in sharing the birdsongs across the world, and thank all individual recordists (listed in Table S1 in Supplementary Material 1) for permissions to reproduce spectrogram of their recordings of our study species. The research complied with all relevant national legislation. We thank three anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the previous version of the manuscript.

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IC, LR and TP designed the study. IC and LR recorded the songs in the field. IC performed bioacoustic analyses. AP performed most data analyses. All authors contributed to the manuscript writing.

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Correspondence to Ivana Czocherová.

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Communicated by T. S. Osiejuk.

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Supplementary Information

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10336_2021_1924_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 226 KB) Fig. S1 Examples of spectrograms of Grasshopper Warbler and River Warbler males from different locations across the species breeding range in Europe, retrieved from xeno-canto. Fig. S2: Principal component analysis with projection of the variables of songs of 61 River Warbler males (as in Fig. 4b), with differentiated source populations and song categories. Table S1 Information on recordings used in Fig. S1. Table S2. Eigenvalues of correlation matrices and related statistics of the principal component analyses.

10336_2021_1924_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary file2 (XLSX 22 KB) Summary data for each male, including date and time of recording, average values for all measured variables, syllable rate and its standard deviation, and the first two principal components resulting from the respective PCAs.

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Czocherová, I., Rubáčová, L., Petrusek, A. et al. Contrasting patterns of geographical song variation in two closely related passerine species with a simple song. J Ornithol 163, 93–104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01924-7

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