Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The contribution of broadscale and finescale habitat structure to the distribution and diversity of birds in an Alpine forest-shrub ecotone

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In a mountain context, the forest-shrub ecotone is an area of high biodiversity. Relatively little is known about the habitat requirements of birds in this habitat, yet it is facing potential threats from changes in grazing practices and climate change. Moreover, it is not clear at which scale habitat associations should be assessed in Alpine birds. Further information on key habitat components affecting bird communities of the ecotone is needed in order to inform management strategies to counteract potential habitat loss, and to better inform predictions of how bird communities may be affected by future environmental change. Data on bird occurrence and broadscale (land cover) and finescale (vegetation structure and shrub species composition) habitat variables were collected in an Alpine forest-shrub ecotone in Val Troncea (northwestern Italian Alps) in order to address two objectives: to identify the key habitat variables associated with the occurrence of individual species and with the diversity of the bird community; and, to assess which scale of habitat measurement (broadscale, finescale or both combined) is needed to model bird occurrence. Broadscale variables, or combinations of broadscale and finescale variables, tended to have the best performing models. When combined models performed best, shrub species identity was included in many cases. Shrubs also played an important role in explaining variations in species diversity and richness. Vegetation structure was of relatively little importance, either for individual bird species or for species richness and diversity. These findings suggest that management should strive to maintain a mosaic of habitats whilst minimizing forest encroachment, which could be achieved through targeted grazing. Broadscale habitat data and data on shrub species composition should provide a sufficient basis for identifying relevant species-specific habitat parameters in a mountain environment in order to model future scenarios of effects of habitat change on the bird community of the alpine forest-shrub ecotone.

Zusammenfassung

Die Rolle von groß- und kleinräumigen Habitateigenschaften für Verbreitung und Diversität von Vögeln des Waldgrenz-Ökotons der Alpen

Das Waldgrenz-Ökoton der Alpen ist ein Gebiet, welches durch eine hohe Biodiversität gekennzeichnet ist. Obwohl aktuelle Bedrohungen durch Klimawandel und Veränderungen in der Beweidungspraxis omnipräsent in diesem Areal sind, sind die Habitatansprüche, welche für die Vögel in diesem Bereich gelten, bislang kaum erforscht. In welchem Maßstab diese Habitatanforderungen für Alpenvögel erfasst werden sollten, ist ebenfalls nicht bekannt. Es ist daher erforderlich, jene Habitatelemente zu identifizieren, die eine Schlüsselrolle für die Vogelgemeinschaften im Waldgrenz-Ökoton der Alpen spielen. Mit Hilfe dieser Informationen wird es in Zukunft möglich sein, potentiellem Habitatverlust entgegenzuwirken und Vorhersagen zu treffen, wie Vogelgemeinschaften des Ökotons auf zukünftige Umweltveränderungen reagieren könnten. Durch die Aufnahme von Daten über das Vogelvorkommen sowie groß- (Landbedeckungsdaten) und kleinräumigen (Daten zur Vegetationsstruktur und zur Straucharten-Zusammensetzung) Habitatdaten im Waldgrenz-Ökoton des Naturparks Val Troncea (NW Italien) wurden zwei Zielstellungen verfolgt: Die Identifikation von Habitatelementen, welche für das Vorkommen einzelner Arten sowie für die Vogeldiversität und den Vogelartenreichtum von wesentlicher Bedeutung sind und die Beurteilung des Maßstabs zur Habitatdatenaufnahme (großräumig, kleinräumig oder eine Kombination aus beidem), welcher erforderlich ist, um das Vorkommen einer Art modellieren zu können. Großräumige Habitatvariablen oder eine Kombination von groß-und kleinräumigen Habitatvariablen führte zu den besten Modellen. Wenn die besten Modelle durch eine Kombination von Habitatvariablen erzielt wurden, war die Identität der Strauchart eine oftmals beinhaltete Variable. Generell spielten Sträucher eine wichtige Rolle, um Variationen in der Vogeldiversität und dem Vogelartenreichtum zu erklären. Von geringer Relevanz für individuelle Vogelarten sowie Vogelartendiversität und -reichtum waren kleinräumige Habitatvariablen zur Vegetationsstruktur. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zukünftige Naturschutzmaßnahmen darauf abzielen sollten, das Habitatmosaik im Waldgrenz-Ökoton zu erhalten und einer Ausbreitung des Waldes entgegenzuwirken. Dies könnte durch gezielte Beweidung erreicht werden. Großräumige Habitatdaten sowie Daten zur Strauchartenzusammensetzung stellten zudem eine solide Basis dar, um relevante artspezifische Habitatansprüche für alpine Vogelarten zu identifizieren und potentielle Auswirkungen zukünftiger Habitatveränderungen auf die Vogelgemeinschaft des alpinen Waldgrenz-Ökotons modellieren zu können.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aeschimann D, Lauber K, Moser DM, Theurillat JD (2004) Flora alpina. Zanichelli, Bologna

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlettaz R, Patthey P, Baltic M, Leu T, Schaub M, Palme R, Jenni-Eiermann S (2007) Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 267:1219–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey DW, Gross JE, Laca EA, Rittenhouse LR, Coughenour MB, Swift DM, Sims PL (1996) Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. J Range Manage 49:386–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoń K (2013) MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package version 1.9.0 ed

  • Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beniston M, Keller F, Koffi B, Goyette S (2003) Estimates of snow accumulation and volume in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions. Theor Appl Climatol 76:125–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton TG, Vickery JA, Wilson JD (2003) Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends Ecol Evol 18:82–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA, Mustoe SH (2000) Bird census techniques, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm R, Auer I, Brunetti M, Maugeri M, Nanni T, Schöner W (2001) Regional temperature variability in the European Alps; 1769–1998 from homogenized instrumental time series. Int J Climatol 21:1779–1801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla M, Pedrini P, Rolando A, Chamberlain DE (2016) Climate change will increase the potential conflict between skiing and high-elevation bird species in the Alps. J Biogeogr 43:2299–2309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla M, Caprio E, Assandri G, Scridel D, Bassi E, Bionda R, Celada C, Falco R, Bogliani G, Pedrini P, Rolando A, Chamberlain D (in press) A spatially explicit definition of conservation priorities according to population resistance and resilience, species importance and level of threat in a changing climate. Divers Distrib

  • Braunisch V, Patthey P, Arlettaz R (2016) Where to combat shrub encroachment in alpine timberline ecosystems: combining remotely-sensed vegetation information with species habitat modelling. PLoS One 11(10):e0164318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference—a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannone N, Sgorbati S, Guglielmin M (2007) Unexpected impacts of climate change on alpine vegetation. Front Ecol Environ 5:360–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain DE, Negro M, Caprio E, Rolando A (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of alpine birds to potential future changes in habitat and climate to inform management strategies. Biol Conserv 167:127–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain DE, Brambilla M, Pedrini P, Caprio E, Rolando A (2016) Alpine bird distributions along elevation gradients: the consistency of climate and habitat effects across geographic regions. Oecologia 181:1139–1150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirnböck T, Essl F, Babitsch W (2011) Disproportional risk for habitat loss of high altitude endemic species under climate change. Glob Change Biol 17:990–996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freemark KE, Merriam HG (1986) Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments. Biol Conserv 36:115–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehrig-Fasel J, Guisan A, Zimmermann NE (2007) Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: climate change or land abandonment? J Veg Sci 18(571):582

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerta RS, Cintra RR (2014) Effects of habitat structure on the spatial distribution of two species of Tinamous (Aves: Tinamidae) in a Amazon terra-firme forest. Ornitol Neotrop 25(1):73–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger M, Manthey M, Wilmking M (2010) Establishing a missing link: warm summers and winter snow cover promote shrub expansion into alpine tundra in Scandinavia. New Phytol 186:890–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harsch MA, Hulme PE, McGlone MS, Duncan RP (2009) Are tree lines advancing? A global meta-analysis of tree line response to climate warming. Ecol Lett 12:1040–1049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hovick TJ, Elmore RD, Fuhlendorf SD (2014) Structural heterogeneity increases diversity of non-breeding grassland birds. Ecosphere 5(5):62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapos VJ, Rhind J, Edwards M, Price MF, Ravilious C (2000) Developing a map of the world’s mountain forests. In: Price MF, Butt N (eds) Forests in sustainable mountain development: a state-of-knowledge report for 2000. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 4–9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Komac B, Esteban P, Trapero L, Caritg R (2016) Modelization of the current and future habitat suitability of Rhododendron ferrugineum using potential snow accumulation. PLoS One 11(1):e0147324

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Körner C, Ohsawa M (2006) Mountain systems. In: Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N (eds) Ecosystem and human well-being: current state and trends. Millennium ecosystem assessment. Island Press, Washington, pp 681–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Laiolo P, Dondero F, Ciliento E, Rolando A (2004) Consequences of pastoral abandonment for the structure and diversity of the alpine avifauna. J Appl Ecol 41:294–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenoir J, Gégout JC, Marquet PA, de Ruffray P, Brisse H (2008) A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320(5884):1768–1771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur RH, MacArthur JW (1961) On bird species diversity. Ecology 42:594–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald D, Crabtree JR, Wiesinger G, Dax T, Stamou N, Fleury P, Gutierrez Lazpita J, Gibon A (2000) Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. J Environ Manage 59:47–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moran PAP (1950) Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37:17–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueggler WF (1965) Cattle distribution on steep slopes. J Range Manage 18:255–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuner G (2014) Frost resistance in alpine woody plants. Front Plant Sci 5:654

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neuner G, Ambach D, Aichner K (1999) Impact of snow cover on photoinhibition and winter desiccation in evergreen Rhododendron ferrugineum leaves during subalpine winter. Tree Physiol 19:725–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patthey P, Signorell N, Rotelli L, Arlettaz R (2012) Vegetation structural and compositional heterogeneity as a key feature in Alpine Black Grouse microhabitat selection: conservation management implications. Eur J Wildl Res 58:59–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauli H, Gottfried M, Reiter K, Klettner C, Grabherr G (2007) Signals of range expansion and contractions of vascular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994-2004) at the GLORIA master site Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria. Glob Change Biol 13:147–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittarello M, Probo M, Lonati M, Bailey DW, Lombardi G (2015) Effects of traditional salt placement and strategically placed mineral mix supplements on cattle distribution in the Western Italian Alps. Grass Forage Sci 71(4):529–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittarello M, Probo M, Lonati M, Lombardi G (2016) Restoration of sub-alpine shrub-encroached grasslands through pastoral practices: effects on vegetation structure and botanical composition. Appl Veg Sci 19(3):381–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pornon A, Doche B (1996) Age structure and dynamics of Rhododendron ferrugineum L. populations in the northwestern French Alps. J Veg Sci 7:265–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Probo M, Massolo A, Lonati M, Bailey DW, Gorlier A, Maurino L, Lombardi G (2013) Use of mineral mix supplements to modify the grazing patterns by cattle for the restoration of sub-alpine and alpine shrub-encroached grasslands. Rangeland J 35:85–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Probo M, Lonati M, Pittarello M, Bailey DW, Garbarino M, Gorlier A, Lombardi G (2014) Implementation of a rotational grazing system with large paddocks changes the distribution of grazing cattle in the south-western Italian Alps. Rangeland J 36:445–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Probo M, Pittarello M, Lonati M, Lombardi G (2016) Targeted grazing for the restoration of sub-alpine shrub-encroached grasslands. Ital J Agron 11(4):268–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2016) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolando A, Caprio E, Rinaldi E, Ellena I (2007) The impact of high-altitude ski-runs on alpine grassland bird communities. J Appl Ecol 44:210–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roura-Pascual N, Pons P, Etienne M, Lambert B (2005) Transformation of a rural landscape in the Eastern Pyrenees Between 1953 and 2000. Mt Res Dev 25(3):252–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sekercioglu CH, Schneider SH, Fay JP, Loarie SR (2008) Climate change, elevational range shifts and bird extinctions. Conserv Biol 22:140–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theurillat JP, Guisan A (2001) Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review. Clim Change 50:77–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tocco C, Probo M, Lonati M, Lombardi G, Negro M, Nervo B, Rolando A, Palestrini C (2013) Pastoral practices to reverse shrub encroachment of sub-alpine grasslands: dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) respond more quickly than vegetation. PLoS One 8(12):e83344

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viterbi R, Cerrato C, Bassano B, Bionda R, von Hardenberg A, Provenzale A, Bogliani G (2013) Patterns of biodiversity in the northwestern Italian Alps: a multi-taxa approach. Community Ecol 14:18–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von dem Bussche F, Spaar R, Schmid H, Schröder B (2008) Modelling the recent and potential future spatial distribution of the Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus) and Blackbird (T. merula) in Switzerland. J Orn 149:529–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R, 1st edn. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Luca Maurino and the other rangers and staff of Val Troncea Natural Park for their great help. We are also grateful to Massimiliano Probo and Michele Lonati for providing survey locations, and to Lorenza Lerda, Giulia Masoero and Sara Minolfi for help with fieldwork. D. C. was funded by a Ricerca Locale grant from the University of Turin.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susanne Jähnig.

Additional information

Communicated by T. Gottschalk.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 429 kb)

Supplementary material 2 (PDF 438 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jähnig, S., Alba, R., Vallino, C. et al. The contribution of broadscale and finescale habitat structure to the distribution and diversity of birds in an Alpine forest-shrub ecotone. J Ornithol 159, 747–759 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1549-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1549-9

Keywords

Navigation