Skip to main content
Log in

Contrasting population trends at seabirds colonies: is food limitation a factor in Norway?

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Norwegian Northern Gannet Morus bassanus populations exhibit contrasting trends on a regional scale, with several colony extinctions having occurred in recent decades. In an attempt to understand the ecological drivers of such variability, we tested whether resource availability is a factor limiting the current development of gannetries in the Lofoten/Vesterålen area. Between 2007 and 2010, we recorded arrival and departure times of breeding Northern Gannets from two colonies from regions showing contrasting population growth rates during the past two decades. We also recorded the duration of joint attendances by Northern Gannet parents at the nest, performed opportunistic diet sampling and counted numbers of occupied nests. Finally, we compiled ring recoveries over a 30-year period to assess inter-colony movements. Norwegian Gannet parents spent more time together, attending their chick, and performed shorter foraging trips than those in British and French colonies of similar size. This suggests that, despite some annual variations, their foraging effort was relatively low. Diet samples from both colonies mainly constituted fish of high energetic value, such as large herring Clupea harengus, mackerel Scomber scombrus, and saithe Pollachius virens, prey that are relatively abundant within the study area. Data from ringed birds revealed a northward movement of adults ringed as breeding birds and chicks from extinct Lofoten colonies that established a growing colony close to the North Cape. Recorded foraging features (trip duration, joint attendance and prey quality) during our study does not indicate food availability as a limiting factor explaining successive extinctions and re-colonisations of breeding sites in Lofoten/Vesterålen. White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla are known to predate opportunistically on Northern Gannet adults or chicks and their populations are growing in the Lofoten area. Their potential impact on the Norwegian Northern Gannet population dynamics should be further investigated.

Zusammenfassung

Gegensätzliche Populationstrends in Seevogelkolonien: nahrungsknappheit als Einflussfaktor in Norwegen?

Norwegische Basstölpel Morus bassanus Populationen zeigen auf regionaler Ebene gegensätzliche Trends. Mehrere Kolonien gingen in den letzten Jahrzehnten verloren. Für das Verständnis der ökologischen Triebfedern solcher Variabilität untersuchten wir, ob Ressourcenverfügbarkeit ein limitierender Faktor in der aktuellen Entwicklung der Basstölpelbestände auf den Lofoten/Vesterålen ist. Von 2007 bis 2010 wurden Ankunfts- und Abflugzeiten brütender Basstölpel zweier Kolonien in Regionen erfasst, die gegensätzliche Populationswachstumsraten während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte zeigen. Zusätzlich wurde die Dauer gemeinsamer Anwesenheit der beiden Brutpartner am Nest erfasst, es wurden Nahrungsproben gesammelt und besetzte Nester gezählt. Außerdem wurden zur Einschätzung von Bewegungen zwischen den Kolonien Ringablesungen aus 30 Jahren zusammengestellt. Norwegische Basstölpeleltern verbrachten zur Bewachung ihrer Küken mehr Zeit gemeinsam und unternahmen kürzere Nahrungsflüge als Vögel britischer und französischer Kolonien gleicher Größe. Dies zeigt, dass trotz jährlicher Variationen ihr Aufwand zur Nahrungssuche relativ gering war. Nahrungsproben aus beiden Kolonien bestanden hauptsächlich aus Fisch mit hohen Energiegehalten, wie große Heringe Clupea harengus, Makrelen Scomber scombrus und Köhler Pollachius virens. Diese Beutefische sind im Untersuchungsgebiet in großen Beständen vorhanden. Wiederfunde von Vögeln, die als Brutvögel und Küken in den erloschenen Lofoten-Kolonien beringt wurden, lassen eine nordwärts gerichtete Bewegung von Adulten erkennen, die umgesiedelt sind in eine wachsende Kolonie nahe des Nordkaps. Die in unserer Studie erfassten Parameter zur Nahrungssuche (Dauer von Nahrungsflügen, gemeinsame Nestanwesenheit und Beutequalität) deuten nicht daraufhin, dass die Nahrungsverfügbarkeit als limitierender Faktor zur Erklärung des sukzessiven Erlöschens und der Wiederbesiedlung von Brutplätzen auf den Lofoten/Vesterålen herangezogen werden kann. Die Bestände von Seeadlern Haliaeetus albicilla auf den Lofoten sind ansteigend und es ist bekannt, dass Seeadler als opportunistische Beutegreifer auch adulte wie juvenile Basstölpel erbeuten. Ihr potentieller Einfluss auf die Dynamik norwegischer Basstölpelpopulationen sollten weiter untersucht werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anker-Nilssen T (2006) The avifaunal value of the Lofoten Islands in a World Heritage perspective. NINA Report 201, Trondheim

  • Barrett RT (2008) Recent establishments and extinctions of Northern Gannet Morus bassanus colonies in North Norway, 1995–2008. Ornis Norv 171–182

  • Barrett RT, Folkestad AO (1996) The status of the North Atlantic Gannet Morus bassanus after 50 years in Norway. Seabird 18:30–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett RT, Lorentsen SH, Anker-Nilssen T (2006) The status of seabirds breeding in mainland Norway. Atl Seab 8:97–126

  • Barry Baker G, Wise BS (2005) The impact of pelagic longline fishing on the flesh-footed shearwater Puffinus carneipes in Eastern Australia. Biol Conserv 126:306–316. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birdlife International (2011) Species factsheet: Morus bassanus [WWW Document] URL http://www.birdlife.org

  • Brun E (1972) Establishment and population increase of the gannet Sula bassana in Norway. Ornis Scand 3:27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chardine JW, Rail JF, Wilhelm S (2013) Population dynamics of Northern gannets in North America, 1984–2009. J Field Ornithol 84(2):187–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford RJM, Dundee BL, Dyer BM, Klages NT, Meÿer MA, Upfold L (2007) Trends in numbers of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 1956/57–2005/06, with a consideration of the influence of food and other factors. ICES J Mar Sci 64:169–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford R, Altwegg R, Barham B, Barham P, Durant J, Dyer B, Geldenhuys D, Makhado A, Pichegru L, Ryan P, Underhill L, Upfold L, Visagie J, Waller L, Whittington P (2011) Collapse of South Africa’s penguins in the early 21st century. Afr J Mar Sci 33:139–156. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2011.572377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fort J, Pettex E, Tremblay Y, Lorentsen S-H, Garthe S, Votier S, Pons JB, Siorat F, Furness RW, Grecian WJ, Bearhop S, Montevecchi WA, Grémillet D (2012) Meta-population evidence of oriented chain migration in northern gannets (Morus bassanus). Front Ecol Environ 10:237–242. doi:10.1890/110194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Wanless S, Harris MP, Rothery P, Wilson LJ (2004) The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. J Appl Ecol 41:1129–1139. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furness RW (2007) Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities. Sci Mar 67. doi:10.3989/scimar.2003.67s233

  • Garthe S, Camphuysen K, Furness RW (1996) Amounts of discards by commercial fisheries and their significance as food for seabirds in the North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 136:1–11. doi:10.3354/meps136001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston AJ (2004) Seabirds: a natural history. Poyser, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandgeorge M, Wanless S, Dunn TE, Maumy M, Beaugrand G, Grémillet D (2008) Resilience of the British and Irish seabird community in the twentieth century. Aquat Biol 4:187–199. doi:10.3354/ab00095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grémillet D, Pichegru L, Siorat F, Georges JY (2006) Conservation implications of the apparent mismatch between population dynamics and foraging effort in French northern gannets from the English Channel. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 319:15–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grémillet D, Pichegru L, Kuntz G, Woakes AG, Wilkinson S, Crawford RJ, Ryan PG (2008) A junk-food hypothesis for gannets feeding on fishery waste. Proc R Soc Lond B 275:1149–1156. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney JH (1913) The gannet: a bird with a history. Witherby, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hailer F, Helander B, Folkestad AO, Ganusevich SA, Garstad S, Hauff P, Koren C, Nygård T, Volke V, Vilà C, Ellegren H (2006) Bottlenecked but long-lived: high genetic diversity retained in white-tailed eagles upon recovery from population decline. Biol Lett 2:316–319. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0453

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer KC, Monaghan P, Uttley JD, Walton P, Burns MD (1993) The influence of food supply on the breeding ecology of kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in Shetland. Ibis 135:255–263. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02842.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer KC, Phillips RA, Wanless S, Harris MP, Wood AG (2000) Foraging ranges, diets and feeding locations of gannets Morus bassanus in the North Sea: evidence from satellite telemetry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200:257–264. doi:10.3354/meps200257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer KC, Phillips RA, Hill JK, Wanless S, Wood AG (2001) Contrasting foraging strategies of gannets Morus bassanus at two North Atlantic colonies: foraging trip duration and foraging area fidelity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 224:283–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Härkönen T (1986) Guide to the otoliths of the bony fishes of the northeast Atlantic. Danbiu, Hellerup

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris MP, Freeman SN, Wanless S, Morgan BJT, Wernham CV (1997) Factors influencing the survival of puffins Fratercula arctica at a North Sea colony over a 20-year period. J Avian Biol 28:287–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggøy O, Øien IJ (2014) Conservation status of birds of prey and owls in Norway. NOF/BirdLife Norway-Report 1-2014

  • Hipfner JM, Blight LK, Lowe RW, Wilhelm SI, Robertson GJ, Barrett RT, Anker-Nilssen T, Good TP (2012) Unintended consequences: how the recovery of sea eagle Haliaeetus spp. populations in the northern hemisphere is affecting seabirds. Mar Ornithol 40:39–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Hislop JRG, Harris MP, Smith JGM (1991) Variation in the calorific value and total energy content of the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) and other fish preyed on by seabirds. J Zool 224:501–517. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb06039.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICES (2009) Report of the ICES advisory committee on fishery management, advisory committee on the marine environment and advisory committee on ecosystems. The Barents sea and the Norwegian sea. Ecosystem overview. ICES, Copenhagen

  • Jobling M, Breiby A (1986) The use and abuse of fish otoliths in studies of feeding habits of marine piscivores. Sarsia 71:265–274. doi:10.1080/00364827.1986.10419696

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouventin P, Weimerskirch H (1990) Satellite tracking of Wandering albatrosses. Nature 343:746–748. doi:10.1038/343746a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S, Sherratt TN, Hamer KC, Wanless S (2001) Evidence of intra-specific competition for food in a pelagic seabird. Nature 412:816–819. doi:10.1038/35090566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S, Hamer K, Money L, Griffiths R, Wanless S, Sherratt T (2004) Brood neglect and contingent foraging behavior in a pelagic seabird. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:81–88. doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0762-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S, Gremillet D, Daunt F, Ryan PG, Crawford RJM, Wanless S (2006) Using behavioural and state variables to identify proximate causes of population change in a seabird. Oecologia 147:606–614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litzow MA, Piatt JF (2003) Variance in prey abundance influences time budgets of breeding seabirds: evidence from pigeon guillemots Cepphus columba. J Avian Biol 34:54–64. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.02995.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan P, Walton P, Wanless S, Uttley JD, Burns MD (1994) Effects of prey abundance on the foraging behaviour, diving efficiency and time allocation of breeding guillemots Uria aalge. Ibis 136:214–222. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01087.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montevecchi WA, Barrett RT (1987) Prey selection by gannets at breeding colonies in Norway. Ornis Scand 18:319–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montevecchi WA, Hufthammer AK (1990) Zooarchaeological implications for prehistoric distributions of seabirds along the norwegian coast. Arctic 43:110–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montevecchi WA, Barrett RT, Rikardsen F, Strann KB (1987) The population and reproductive status of the gannet Sula bassana in Norway in 1985. Fauna Nor Ser Cinclus 10:65–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss R, Wanless S, Harris MP (2002) How small Northern gannet colonies grow faster than big ones. Waterbirds 25:442–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH, Pearson NE (1979) On the theory of centre place foraging. In: Horn DJ, Mitchell RD, Stairs GR (eds) Analysis of Ecological Systems. University of Ohio Press, Columbus, pp 154–177

  • Oro D, Furness RW (2002) Influences of food availability and predation on survival of kittiwakes. Ecology 83:2516–2528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oro D, Pradel R (2000) Determinants of local recruitment in a growing colony of Audouin’s gull. J Anim Ecol 69:119–132. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00379.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oro D, Cam E, Pradel R, Martínez-Abraín A (2004) Influence of food availability on demography and local population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. Proc R Soc Lond B 271:387–396. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrish JK, Marvier M, Paine RT (2001) Direct and indirect effects: interactions between bald eagles and common murres. Ecol Appl 11:1858–1869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettex E, Lorentsen S-H, Grémillet D, Gimenez O, Barrett RT, Pons J-B, Bohec CL, Bonadonna F (2012) Multi-scale foraging variability in northern gannet (Morus bassanus) fuels potential foraging plasticity. Mar Biol 159:2743–2756. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2035-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichegru L, Ryan PG, Crawford RJ, van der Lingen CD, Grémillet D (2010) Behavioural inertia places a top marine predator at risk from environmental change in the Benguela upwelling system. Mar Biol 157(3):537–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Røttingen I (1990) A review of variability in the distribution and abundance of Norwegian spring spawning herring and Barents Sea capelin. Polar Res 8:33–42. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1990.tb00373.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakshaug E, Bjørge A, Gulliksen B, Loeng H, Mehlum F (1994) Structure, biomass distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: a synopsis. Polar Biol 14:405–411. doi:10.1007/BF00240261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson GA, Krapu GL, Bartonek JC, Serie JR, Johnson DH (1974) Advantages in mathematically weighting waterfowl food habits data. J Wildl Manag 38:302–307. doi:10.2307/3800737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tasker ML, Camphuysen CJ, Cooper J, Garthe S, Montevecchi WA, Blaber SJM (2000) The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES J Mar Sci J Cons 57:531–547. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valeur P (1947) Havhesten og havsula på Rundøy. Naturen 70:370–379

  • Votier SC, Bearhop S, Ratcliffe N, Phillips RA, Furness RW (2004) Predation by great skuas at a large Shetland seabird colony. J Appl Ecol 41:1117–1128. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00974.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanless S, Harris MP, Morris JA (1990) A comparison of feeding areas used by individual common murres (Uria aalge), razorbills (Alca torda) and an Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) during the breeding season. Colon Waterbirds 13:16–24. doi:10.2307/1521416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanless S, Murray S, Harris MP (2005a) The status of Northern Gannet in Britain and Ireland in 2003/04. Br Birds 98:280–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanless S, Harris MP, Redman P, Speakman JR (2005b) Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 294:1–8. doi:10.3354/meps294001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanless S, Frederiksen M, Harris MP, Freeman SN (2006) Survival of gannets Morus bassanus in Britain and Ireland, 1959–2002. Bird Study 53:79–85. doi:10.1080/00063650609461419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watt J, Pierce GJ, Boyle PR (1997) Guide to the identification of North sea fish using premaxillae and vertebrae. ICES cooperative research report no. 220. ICES, Copenhagen

  • Zador SG, Piatt JF (1999) Time-budgets of common murres at a declining and increasing Colony in Alaska. Condor 101:149–152. doi:10.2307/1370455

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the SEAPOP program (financed by the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy and the Norwegian Oil Industry Association), the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (now the Norwegian Environmental Agency), and Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique. Emeline Pettex received a grant from the Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet foundation. Fieldword was conducted under permits from the Directorate for Nature Management and from the county governors of Nordland and Finnmark. We are grateful to Luis De Sousa, Céline Le Bohec and Nory El Ksabi for their precious help with fieldwork. We warmly thank Sigbjørn Johnsen and Bjørn Dag Jenssen and his family for ensuring security, transportation and logistics under challenging conditions and Jorunn Pettersen (NINA) for her efficient administrative management of the project. We thank Cyril Bernard at Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive Montpellier for his GIS help. We are grateful to Sigbjørn Johnsen for his observations of eagle predation and to Sarah Wanless for providing data from British and Irish colonies. We acknowledge Sarah Wanless and Jérôme Fort for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. All handling of birds was in accordance with the Norwegian animal welfare act, and with permission from the Animal Research Authorities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emeline Pettex.

Additional information

Communicated by C. Barbraud.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pettex, E., Barrett, R.T., Lorentsen, SH. et al. Contrasting population trends at seabirds colonies: is food limitation a factor in Norway?. J Ornithol 156, 397–406 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1137-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1137-6

Keywords

Navigation