Abstract
In material synthesis, nanoconfinement acts both as a physical reactor to tune the shape and size of nanomaterials, and as a chemical microenvironment for the nucleation and growth of nanoconfined substances, resulting in unique material properties. This nanoconfinement effect has been extensively applied to synthesize materials for hydrogen storage, catalysis and separation for environmental protection. Here, we review methods to construct nanoconfined space in carbon materials, metal–organic frameworks, mesoporous silica, porous organic polymers and MXenes, a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds. We discuss nanoconfinement for enhanced adsorption with focus on covering size and dispersion, crystallization and stability, confined water and coordination.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SBA-15:
-
Santa Barbara Amorphous of No. 15
- MCM-41:
-
Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41
- SBA-16:
-
Santa Barbara Amorphous of No. 16
- ZrP@MPS:
-
Composite of zirconium phosphate and mesoporous polystyrene
- SH-OPPs:
-
Thiol-functionalized organic porous polymers
- Au/SH-OPPs:
-
Composite of Au nanoparticles and thiol-functionalized organic porous polymers
- NOMP:
-
Amino-functionalized ordered mesoporous polymer
- Ag@NOMP:
-
Composite of Ag nanoparticles and amino-functionalized ordered mesoporous polymer
- TP-POP:
-
Triazinyl-pentaerythritol porous organic polymer
- Pd@TP-POP:
-
Composite of Pd nanoparticles and triazinyl-pentaerythritol porous organic polymer
- N201:
-
A gel-type strong base anion exchanger
- HZO@N201:
-
Composite of zirconium oxide nanoparticles and gel-type strong base anion exchangers
- D201:
-
A polystyrene anion exchanger
- La-201:
-
Composite of nanosized hydrated La oxide and polystyrene anion exchangers
- Fe@MesoPS:
-
FeOOH embedded in mesoporous polystyrene beads
- PAF-1:
-
Porous aromatic framework-1
- POM-PAF-1:
-
Composite of molybdenum-containing polyoxometalate clusters and porous aromatic framework-1
- Polyoxometalate@polystyrene balls:
-
Composite of polyoxometalate and polystyrene balls
- PSDB-AB:
-
Composite of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resin and ammonia borane
- CAU-1:
-
A typical Al3+/aminoterephthalate based metal–organic framework
- CAU-1@FMP:
-
Composite of nanosized typical Al3+/aminoterephthalate based metal–organic framework and functionalized mesoporous polymer
- ZIF-8:
-
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
- MIL-101:
-
Material of Institute Lavoisier-101
- H2L:
-
5-Sulfonic-1,3-benzenedicarbo-xylic acid
- SNU-90:
-
Metal–organic framework with a formula of [Zn4O(atb)2]⋅22 DMF⋅9 H2O
- GPCNS:
-
Glucose-based porous carbon nanosheets
- C12Fe-IL:
-
Metal‐based ionic liquid [(C12H25)3NCH3]FeCl4
- Cu@SBA-15:
-
Composite of CuO and Santa Barbara Amorphous of No. 15
- MOF@CNF:
-
Composite of a Zn-terephthalate based metal–organic framework and carbon nanofiber
- MOF-2:
-
Metal–organic framework-2
- ZrO2@mesoporous carbon:
-
Composite of ZrO2 and mesoporous carbon
- HFO-NS-L:
-
Composite of hydrous ferric oxide and anion exchangers with an average pore diameter of 38.7 nm
- HFO-NS-M:
-
Composite of hydrous ferric oxide and anion exchangers with an average pore diameter of 14.4 nm
- HFO-NS-H:
-
Composite of hydrous ferric oxide and anion exchangers with an average pore diameter of 9.2 nm
- Fe@SBA-15:
-
Composite of iron oxide nanoparticles and Santa Barbara Amorphous of No. 15
- Fe@MCM-41:
-
Composite of iron oxide nanoparticles and Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41
- Fe@MSU-F:
-
Composite of iron oxide nanoparticles and mesocellular silica foam
- MIL-101@Zr:
-
Composite of Material of Institute Lavoisier-101 and ZrO2 particles
- ZIF-67@HCSs:
-
Composite of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 nanoparticles and hollow carbon nanospheres
- ZIF-67:
-
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67
- Ag/MCM-41:
-
Composite of Ag nanoparticles and Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41
- MO@ZIF:
-
Metal oxide decorated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
- HZO@D201:
-
Composite of zirconium oxide nanoparticles and polystyrene anion exchangers
- HZO@GAE:
-
Composite of hydrated zirconium oxides and gel-type anion exchangers
- MOF-5:
-
Metal–organic framework-5
- NISE:
-
Nanopore inner-sphere enhancement
- MIL-68:
-
Material of Institute Lavoisier-68
- Fe3O4@RGO:
-
Nanocomposite of Fe3O4 and three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide
References
Afroze S, Sen TK (2018) A review on heavy metal ions and dye adsorption from water by agricultural solid waste adsorbents. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3869-z
Aijaz A, Karkamkar A, Choi YJ, Tsumori N, Ronnebro E, Autrey T, Shioyama H, Xu Q (2012) Immobilizing highly catalytically active Pt nanoparticles inside the pores of metal-organic framework: a double solvents approach. J Am Chem Soc 134:13926–13929. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3043905
Albela B, Bonneviot L (2016) Surface molecular engineering in the confined space of templated porous silica. New J Chem 40:4115–4131. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nj03437j
Algara-Siller G, Lehtinen O, Wang FC, Nair RR, Kaiser U, Wu HA, Geim AK, Grigorieva IV (2015) Square ice in graphene nanocapillaries. Nature 519:443–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14295
Al-Ghouti MA, Da’ana DA (2020) Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: a review. J Hazard Mater 393:122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383
Andreev AS, Kazakova MA, Ishchenko AV, Selyutin AG, Lapina OB, Kuznetsov VL, de Lacaillerie JBD (2017) Magnetic and dielectric properties of carbon nanotubes with embedded cobalt nanoparticles. Carbon 114:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.070
Aslam S, Subhan F, Yan ZF, Etim UJ, Zeng JB (2017) Dispersion of nickel nanoparticles in the cages of metal-organic framework: an efficient sorbent for adsorptive removal of thiophene. Chem Eng J 315:469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.047
Awad AM, Jalab R, Benamor A, Nasser MS, Ba-Abbad MM, El-Naas M, Mohammad AW (2020) Adsorption of organic pollutants by nanomaterial-based adsorbents: an overview. J Mol Liq 301:112335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112335
Banerjee M, Brettmann B (2020) Combining surface templating and confinement for controlling pharmaceutical crystallization. Pharmaceutics 12:995. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100995
Cao J, Yang ZH, Xiong WP, Zhou YY, Wu Y, Jia MY, Zhou CY, Xu ZY (2021) Ultrafine metal species confined in metal–organic frameworks: fabrication, characterization and photocatalytic applications. Coordin Chem Rev 439:213924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213924
Chakraborty S, Kumar H, Dasgupta C, Maiti PK (2017) Confined water: structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics. Acc Chem Res 50:2139–2146. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00617
Chang CW, Kao YH, Shen PH, Kang PC, Wang CY (2020) Nanoconfinement of metal oxide MgO and ZnO in zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 for CO2 adsorption and regeneration. J Hazard Mater 400:122974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122974
Chao Y, Jin Y, Jiang W, Chen L, Li X, Luo J, Pang J, Li H, Zhu W (2019) Metal-based ionic liquid assisted synthesis of highly dispersed mesoporous Fe(III)/SiO2 for enhanced adsorption of antibiotics. J Chem Technol Biot 94:3815–3824. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6130
Chen A, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Y, Jia M (2016) Solid-state grinding synthesis of ordered mesoporous MgO/carbon spheres composites for CO2 capture. Mater Lett 164:520–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.11.043
Chen L, Shi G, Shen J, Peng B, Zhang B, Wang Y, Bian F, Wang J, Li D, Qian Z, Xu G, Liu G, Zeng J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhou G, Wu M, Jin W, Li J, Fang H (2017) Ion sieving in graphene oxide membranes via cationic control of interlayer spacing. Nature 550:380–383. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24044
Chen WJ, Cheng BH, Sun QT, Jiang H (2018) Preparation of MOF confined Ag nanoparticles for the highly active, size selective hydrogenation of olefins. ChemCatChem 10:3659–3665. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201800744
Chen G, Huang S, Kou X, Wei S, Huang S, Jiang S, Shen J, Zhu F, Ouyang G (2019a) A convenient and versatile amino-acid-boosted biomimetic strategy for the nondestructive encapsulation of biomacromolecules within metal-organic frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:1463–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201813060
Chen L, Su B, Jiang L (2019b) Recent advances in one-dimensional assembly of nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 48:8–21. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00703a
Chen MW, Niu DC, Mao JY, Jiang GY, Li KY, Huang GX, Jin XP, Li YS (2021b) A movable Fe2O3 core in connected hierarchical pores for ultrafast intercalation/deintercalation in sodium-ion batteries. Acs Appl Energ Mater 4:5888–5896. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00691
Chen J, Gu C, Yang N, Qiu T, Xu J, Chen X, Zhu S, Jiao Q, Pan W, Liu J (2021a) Excellent long-term hydrogen absorption/desorption cycling property of LaNi5.5Sn1.5-C-Si alloy LaNi5.5Sn1.5-C-Si. Cailiao Daobao Mater Rep 35:4112–4117. https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.20010157
Cheng J, Gu G, Ni W, Guan Q, Li Y, Wang B (2017) Graphene oxide hydrogel as a restricted-area nanoreactor for synthesis of 3D graphene-supported ultrafine TiO2 nanorod nanocomposites for high-rate lithium-ion battery anodes. Nanotechnology 28:305401. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa77c6
Cipolla D, Wu H, Salentinig S, Boyd B, Rades T, Vanhecke D, Petri-Fink A, Rothin-Rutishauser B, Eastman S, Redelmeier T, Gonda I, Chan HK (2016) Formation of drug nanocrystals under nanoconfinement afforded by liposomes. Rsc Adv 6:6223–6233. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25898g
Crupi V, Fontana A, Majolino D, Mele A, Melone L, Punta C, Rossi B, Rossi F, Trotta F, Venuti V (2014) Hydrogen-bond dynamics of water confined in cyclodextrin nanosponges hydrogel. J Incl Phenom Macro 80:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-014-0387-5
Cui TT, Dong JH, Pan XL, Yu T, Fu Q, Bao XH (2019) Enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction over molybdenum carbide nanoparticles confined inside single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Energy Chem 28:123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.03.006
da Silva FdCM, Costa MJdS, da Silva LKR, Batista AM, da Luz GE (2019) Functionalization methods of SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve: a brief overview. SN Appl Sci 1:654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0677-z
Deng Z, Wan T, Chen D, Ying W, Zeng YJ, Yan Y, Peng X (2020) Photothermal-responsive microporous nanosheets confined ionic liquid for efficient CO2 separation. Small 16:2002699. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002699
Dichiarante V, Pigliacelli C, Metrangolo P, Baldelli Bombelli F (2020) Confined space design by nanoparticle self-assembly. Chem Sci 12:1632–1646. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc05697a
Diebold U (2003) The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surf Sci Rep 48:53–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00100-0
Ding J, Pu L, Wang Y, Wu B, Yu A, Zhang X, Pan B, Zhang Q, Gao G (2018) Adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) together with Cr(III) sequestration by polyaniline confined in pores of polystyrene beads. Environ Sci Technol 52:12602–12611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02566
Dou H, Jiang B, Xu M, Zhang Z, Wen G, Peng F, Yu A, Bai Z, Sun Y, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Chen Z (2019) Boron nitride membranes with a distinct nanoconfinement effect for efficient ethylene/ethane separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:13969–13975. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907773
Du Y, Qiu SJ, Zhang XL, Nie GZ (2020) Nanoconfined hydrous titanium oxides with excellent acid stability for selective and efficient removal of As(V) from acidic wastewater. Chem Eng J 400:125907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125907
Fan J, Zhao Z, Liu W, Xue Y, Yin S (2016) Solvothermal synthesis of different phase N-TiO2 and their kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of methyl orange. J Colloid Interface Sci 470:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.02.045
Fang Z, Deng Z, Liu A, Zhang X, Lv L, Pan B (2021) Enhanced removal of arsenic from water by using sub-10 nm hydrated zirconium oxides confined inside gel-type anion exchanger. J Hazard Mater 414:125505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125505
Feng LL, Feng L, Huang JF, Cao LY, Kajiyoshi K (2021) Ultrafine VN nanoparticles confined in Co@N-doped carbon nanotubes for boosted hydrogen evolution reaction. J Alloys Compd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157257
Ferreira DR, Schulthess CP (2011) The nanopore inner sphere enhancement effect on cation adsorption: sodium, potassium, and calcium. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:389–396. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0130nps
Ferreira DR, Schulthess CP, Amonette JE, Walter ED (2012a) An electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the retention mechanisms of Mn and Cu in the nanopore channels of three zeolite minerals. Clay Clay Miner 60:588–598. https://doi.org/10.1346/Ccmn.2012.0600604
Ferreira DR, Schulthess CP, Giotto MV (2012b) An investigation of strong sodium retention mechanisms in nanopore environments using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 46:300–306. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2033394
Ferreira DR, Schulthess CP, Kabengi NJ (2013) Calorimetric evidence in support of the nanopore inner sphere enhancement theory on cation adsorption. Soil Sci Soc Am J 77:94–99. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0140
Friscic T, Halasz I, Beldon PJ, Belenguer AM, Adams F, Kimber SA, Honkimaki V, Dinnebier RE (2013) Real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat Chem 5:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1505
Fu Q, Li WX, Yao Y, Liu H, Su HY, Ma D, Gu XK, Chen L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang B, Bao X (2010) Interface-confined ferrous centers for catalytic oxidation. Science 328:1141–1144. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188267
Fumagalli L, Esfandiar A, Fabregas R, Hu S, Ares P, Janardanan A, Yang Q, Radha B, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Gomila G, Novoselov KS, Geim AK (2018) Anomalously low dielectric constant of confined water. Science 360:1339–1342. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4191
Gao LF, Li C, Huang WC, Mei S, Lin H, Ou Q, Zhang Y, Guo J, Zhang F, Xu SX, Zhang H (2020) MXene/polymer membranes: synthesis, properties, and emerging applications. Chem Mater 32:1703–1747. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04408
Georgiou Y, Papadas IT, Mouzourakis E, Skliri E, Armatas GS, Deligiannakis Y (2019) Mesoporous spinel CoFe2O4 as an efficient adsorbent for arsenite removal from water: high efficiency via control of the particle assemblage configuration. Environ Sci-Nano 6:1156–1167. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en01442f
Greathouse JA, Duncan TJ, Ilgen AG, Harvey JA, Criscenti LJ, Knight AW (2021) Effects of nanoconfinement and surface charge on iron adsorption on mesoporous silica. Environ Sci-Nano 8:1992–2005. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1en00066g
Grommet AB, Feller M, Klajn R (2020) Chemical reactivity under nanoconfinement. Nat Nanotechnol 15:256–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0652-2
Gui CX, Li QJ, Lv LL, Qu J, Wang QQ, Hao SM, Yu ZZ (2015) Core–shell structured MgO@mesoporous silica spheres for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue and lead ions. Rsc Adv 5:20440–20445. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02596f
Guo Z, Xiao C, Maligal-Ganesh RV, Zhou L, Goh TW, Li X, Tesfagaber D, Thiel A, Huang W (2014) Pt nanoclusters confined within metal-organic framework cavities for chemoselective cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation. ACS Catal 4:1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs400982n
Guo X, Zhang JQ, Song JJ, Wu WJ, Liu H, Wang GX (2018) MXene encapsulated titanium oxide nanospheres for ultra-stable and fast sodium storage. Energy Storage Mater 14:306–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.05.010
Ha JM, Wolf JH, Hillmyer MA, Ward MD (2004) Polymorph selectivity under nanoscopic confinement. J Am Chem Soc 126:3382–3383. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja049724r
Hamilton BD, Ha JM, Hillmyer MA, Ward MD (2012) Manipulating crystal growth and polymorphism by confinement in nanoscale crystallization chambers. Acc Chem Res 45:414–423. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200147v
Han B, Hu X, Yu M, Peng T, Li Y, He G (2018) One-pot synthesis of enhanced fluorescent copper nanoclusters encapsulated in metal–organic frameworks. Rsc Adv 8:22748–22754. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03632b
He L, Liu Y, Liu J, Xiong Y, Zheng J, Liu Y, Tang Z (2013) Core-shell noble-metal@metal-organic-framework nanoparticles with highly selective sensing property. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 52:3741–3745. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209903
Henry CR (2005) Morphology of supported nanoparticles. Prog Surf Sci 80:92–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2005.09.004
Huang X, Sun B, Su D, Zhao D, Wang G (2014) Soft-template synthesis of 3D porous graphene foams with tunable architectures for lithium–O2 batteries and oil adsorption applications. J Mater Chem A 2:7973–7979. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00829d
Huang L, Xing ZM, Kou Y, Shi LY, Liu XQ, Jiang Y, Sun LB (2018) Fabrication of rhodium nanoparticles with reduced sizes: an exploration of confined spaces. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:3561–3566. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04314
Hwang SK, Kang SM, Rethinasabapathy M, Roh C, Huh YS (2020) MXene: an emerging two-dimensional layered material for removal of radioactive pollutants. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125428
Ihsanullah I (2020) MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: progress, challenges and prospects. Chem Eng J 388:124340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124340
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354:56–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0
Jafari S, Azizian S, Jaleh B (2011) Adsorption kinetics of methyl violet onto TiO2 nanoparticles with different phases. Colloid Surface A 384:618–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.05.030
Javadian P, Sheppard DA, Buckley CE, Jensen TR (2015) Hydrogen storage properties of nanoconfined LiBH4–Ca(BH4)2. Nano Energy 11:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.09.035
Jegadeesan G, Al-Abed SR, Sundaram V, Choi H, Scheckel KG, Dionysiou DD (2010) Arsenic sorption on TiO2 nanoparticles: size and crystallinity effects. Water Res 44:965–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.047
Ji R, Wei S, Xia YP, Huang CW, Huang Y, Zhang HZ, Xu F, Sun LX, Lin XC (2020) Enhanced thermal performance of form-stable composite phase-change materials supported by novel porous carbon spheres for thermal energy storage. J Energy Storage 27:101134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101134
Jiang Q, Ward MD (2014) Crystallization under nanoscale confinement. Chem Soc Rev 43:2066–2079. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60234f
Jiang HL, Liu B, Akita T, Haruta M, Sakurai H, Xu Q (2009) Au@ZIF-8: CO oxidation over gold nanoparticles deposited to metal-organic framework. J Am Chem Soc 131:11302–11303. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9047653
Jiang HL, Akita T, Ishida T, Haruta M, Xu Q (2011) Synergistic catalysis of Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles stabilized on metal-organic framework. J Am Chem Soc 133:1304–1306. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1099006
Jiang Z, Yu F, Ma J (2019) Design of graphene-based adsorbents and its removal of antibiotics in aqueous solution. Acta Phys Chim Sin 35:709–724. https://doi.org/10.3866/Pku.Whxb201807051
Jiao C, Majeed Z, Wang G-H, Jiang H (2018) A nanosized metal–organic framework confined inside a functionalized mesoporous polymer: an efficient CO2 adsorbent with metal defects. J Mater Chem A 6:17220–17226. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05323e
Jin W, Chen JP, Wu ZX, Maduraiveeran G (2019) Encapsulated spinel CuXCo3-XO4 in carbon nanotubes as efficient and stable oxygen electrocatalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:11421–11430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.093
Ju XQ, Hou JF, Tang YQ, Sun YB, Zheng SR, Xu ZY (2016) ZrO2 nanoparticles confined in CMK-3 as highly effective sorbent for phosphate adsorption. Micropor Mesopor Mat 230:188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.05.002
Kang YH, Liu XD, Yan N, Jiang Y, Liu XQ, Sun LB, Li JR (2016) Fabrication of isolated metal-organic polyhedra in confined cavities: adsorbents/catalysts with unusual dispersity and activity. J Am Chem Soc 138:6099–6102. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b01207
Kang J, Zhang HY, Duan XG, Sun HQ, Tan XY, Liu SM, Wang SB (2019) Magnetic Ni-Co alloy encapsulated N-doped carbon nanotubes for catalytic membrane degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem Eng J 362:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.035
Kankala RK, Kuthati Y, Liu CL, Mou CY, Lee CH (2015) Killing cancer cells by delivering a nanoreactor for inhibition of catalase and catalytically enhancing intracellular levels of ROS. Rsc Adv 5:86072–86081. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16023e
Kankala RK, Zhang H, Liu CG, Kanubaddi KR, Lee CH, Wang SB, Cui W, Santos HA, Lin K, Chen AZ (2019) Metal species-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles: current advancements and latest breakthroughs. Adv Funct Mater 29:1902652. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902652
Kim CR, Uemura T, Kitagawa S (2016) Inorganic nanoparticles in porous coordination polymers. Chem Soc Rev 45:3828–3845. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00940e
Kim HS, Kang MS, Yoo WC (2019) Boost-up electrochemical performance of MOFs via confined synthesis within nanoporous carbon matrices for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction applications. J Mater Chem A 7:5561–5574. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12200h
Knight AW, Tigges AB, Ilgen AG (2018) Adsorption of copper(II) on mesoporous silica: the effect of nano-scale confinement. Geochem Trans 19:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-018-0057-4
Knight AW, Ilani-Kashkouli P, Harvey JA, Greathouse JA, Ho TA, Kabengi N, Ilgen AG (2020) Interfacial reactions of Cu(II) adsorption and hydrolysis driven by nano-scale confinement. Environ Sci-Nano 7:68–80. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en00855a
Kocherbitov V (2008) Properties of water confined in an amphiphilic nanopore. J Phys Chem C 112:16893–16897. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp805247b
Kou ZK, Wang TT, Cai Y, Guan C, Pu ZH, Zhu CR, Hu YT, Elshahawy AM, Wang J, Mu SC (2018) Ultrafine molybdenum carbide nanocrystals confined in carbon foams via a colloid-confinement route for efficient hydrogen production. Small Methods 2:1700396. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700396
Kumar A, Rana A, Sharma G, Sharma S, Naushad M, Mola GT, Dhiman P, Stadler FJ (2018) Aerogels and metal–organic frameworks for environmental remediation and energy production. Environ Chem Lett 16:797–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0723-x
Le TT, Pistidda C, Nguyen VH, Singh P, Raizada P, Klassen T, Dornheim M (2021) Nanoconfinement effects on hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 and LiBH4. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:23723–23736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.150
Leenders SH, Gramage-Doria R, de Bruin B, Reek JN (2015) Transition metal catalysis in confined spaces. Chem Soc Rev 44:433–448. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00192c
Li J, Peng Y, Liang HW, Yu Y, Xin BJ, Li GH, Shi Z, Feng SH (2011) Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterisation of metal-organic frameworks with paddle-wheel zinc carboxylate clusters and mixed ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011:2712–2719. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201100227
Li H, Shan C, Zhang Y, Cai J, Zhang W, Pan B (2016) Arsenate adsorption by hydrous ferric oxide nanoparticles embedded in cross-linked anion exchanger: effect of the host pore structure. ACS Appl Mater Int 8:3012–3020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09832
Li H, Xiao J, Fu Q, Bao X (2017) Confined catalysis under two-dimensional materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:5930–5934. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701280114
Li G, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Tang Z (2018a) Metal-organic frameworks encapsulating active nanoparticles as emerging composites for catalysis: recent progress and perspectives. Adv Mater 30:e1800702. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800702
Li YX, Ji YN, Jin MM, Qi SC, Li SS, Xue DM, Yue MB, Liu XQ, Sun LB (2018b) Controlled construction of Cu(I) sites within confined spaces via host-guest redox: highly efficient adsorbents for selective CO adsorption. ACS Appl Mater Int 10:40044–40053. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b15913
Li YX, Li SS, Xue DM, Liu XQ, Jin MM, Sun LB (2018c) Incorporation of Cu(II) and its selective reduction to Cu(I) within confined spaces: efficient active sites for CO adsorption. J Mater Chem A 6:8930–8939. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01805g
Li Q, Guo J, Zhu H, Yan F (2019) Space-confined synthesis of ZIF-67 nanoparticles in hollow carbon nanospheres for CO2 adsorption. Small 15:e1804874. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201804874
Li SS, Li YX, Jin MM, Miao KJ, Gu MX, Liu XQ, Sun LB (2020a) Controllable fabrication of cuprous sites in confined spaces for efficient adsorptive desulfurization. Fuel 259:116221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116221
Li Z, Gadipelli S, Li H, Howard CA, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Guo Z, Parkin IP, Li F (2020b) Tuning the interlayer spacing of graphene laminate films for efficient pore utilization towards compact capacitive energy storage. Nat Energy 5:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0560-6
Li ZH, Zhang X, Cheng HF, Liu JW, Shao MF, Wei M, Evans DG, Zhang H, Duan X (2020c) Confined synthesis of 2D nanostructured materials toward electrocatalysis. Adv Energy Mater 10:1900486. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900486
Liang L, Liu L, Jiang F, Liu C, Yuan D, Chen Q, Wu D, Jiang HL, Hong M (2018) Incorporation of In2S3 nanoparticles into a metal-organic framework for ultrafast removal of hg from water. Inorg Chem 57:4891–4897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03076
Liang MX, Bai XT, Yu F, Ma J (2021) A confinement strategy to in-situ prepare a peanut-like N-doped, C-wrapped TiO2 electrode with an enhanced desalination capacity and rate for capacitive deionization. Nano Res 14:684–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3097-x
Lihitkar PB, Violet S, Shirolkar M, Singh J, Srivastava ON, Naik RH, Kulkarni SK (2012) Confinement of zinc oxide nanoparticles in ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41. Mater Chem Phys 133:850–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.106
Lim DW, Yoon JW, Ryu KY, Suh MP (2012) Magnesium nanocrystals embedded in a metal-organic framework: hybrid hydrogen storage with synergistic effect on physi- and chemisorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51:9814–9817. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206055
Little RB (2003) Mechanistic aspects of carbon nanotube nucleation and growth. J Clust Sci 14:135–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024841621054
Liu HZ, Wang X, Pan CX, Liew KM (2012) First-principles study of formaldehyde adsorption on TiO2 rutile (110) and anatase (001) surfaces. J Phys Chem C 116:8044–8053. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp210465u
Liu YN, Zou JX, Zeng XQ, Wu XM, Tian HY, Ding WJ, Wang J, Walter A (2013) Study on hydrogen storage properties of Mg nanoparticles confined in carbon aerogels. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:5302–5308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.012
Liu WW, Chai SP, Mohamed AR, Hashim U (2014) Synthesis and characterization of graphene and carbon nanotubes: a review on the past and recent developments. J Ind Eng Chem 20:1171–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.028
Liu T, Feng J, Wan Y, Zheng S, Yang L (2018) ZrO2 nanoparticles confined in metal organic frameworks for highly effective adsorption of phosphate. Chemosphere 210:907–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.085
Liu S, Zhang X, Jiang L (2019) 1D nanoconfined ordered-assembly reaction. Adv Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900104
Liu Y, Fan X, Feng W, Shi X, Li F, Wu J, Ji X, Liang J (2021) An in situ and rapid self-healing strategy enabling a stretchable nanocomposite with extremely durable and highly sensitive sensing features. Mater Horiz 8:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mh01539c
Lu M, Han WJ, Li HB, Zhang W, Zhang BS (2020a) There is plenty of space in the MXene layers: THE confinement and fillings. J Energy Chem 48:344–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.02.032
Lu SM, Peng YY, Ying YL, Long YT (2020b) Electrochemical sensing at a confined space. Anal Chem 92:5621–5644. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00931
Luo Y, Wang Q, Li J, Xu F, Sun L, Zou Y, Chu H, Li B, Zhang K (2020) Enhanced hydrogen storage/sensing of metal hydrides by nanomodification. Mater Today Nano 9:100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2019.100071
Luo ZX, Xiang D, Pei XY, Wang L, Zhao ZG, Sun WJ, Ran MF, Dai T (2021) Enhanced performance of palladium catalyst confined within carbon nanotubes for heck reaction. Catal Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-021-03577-w
Lv CC, Yang QP, Huang QL, Huang ZP, Xia H, Zhang C (2016) Phosphorus doped single wall carbon nanotubes loaded with nanoparticles of iron phosphide and iron carbide for efficient hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 4:13336–13343. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04329a
Lv F, An Z, Wu P (2019) What determines the formation of block copolymer nanotubes? Macromolecules 53:367–373. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01868
Lyu F, Zhang Y, Zare RN, Ge J, Liu Z (2014) One-pot synthesis of protein-embedded metal-organic frameworks with enhanced biological activities. Nano Lett 14:5761–5765. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5026419
Ma J, Yang M, Yu F, Zheng J (2015) Water-enhanced removal of ciprofloxacin from water by porous graphene hydrogel. Sci Rep 5:13578. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13578
Ma J, Sun Y, Zhang M, Yang M, Gong X, Yu F, Zheng J (2017) Comparative study of graphene hydrogels and aerogels reveals the important role of buried water in pollutant adsorption. Environ Sci Technol 51:12283–12292. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02227
Ma Z, Gao X, She Z, Pope MA, Li Y (2020) Ultrasmall TiOx nanoparticles rich in oxygen vacancies synthesized through a simple strategy for ultrahigh-rate lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 7:4124–4130. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001050
Mahmoudi F, Amini MM (2020) Confined crystallization of microporous metal-organic framework within mesoporous silica with enhanced hydrostability: ultrafast removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions by MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15 composite. J Water Process Eng 35:101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101227
Marega R, Bonifazi D (2014) Filling carbon nanotubes for nanobiotechnological applications. New J Chem 38:22–27. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nj01008b
Mashkoor F, Nasar A (2020) Carbon nanotube-based adsorbents for the removal of dyes from waters: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:605–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00970-6
Matsuyama K, Motomura M, Kato T, Okuyama T, Muto H (2016) Catalytically active Pt nanoparticles immobilized inside the pores of metal organic framework using supercritical CO2 solutions. Micropor Mesopor Mat 225:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.12.005
Mazaj M, Čendak T, Buscarino G, Todaro M, Zabukovec Logar N (2017) Confined crystallization of a HKUST-1 metal–organic framework within mesostructured silica with enhanced structural resistance towards water. J Mater Chem A 5:22305–22315. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04959e
Meldrum FC, O’Shaughnessy C (2020) Crystallization in confinement. Adv Mater 32:e2001068. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001068
Nakagawa K, Araya S, Ushio K, Kunimatsu M, Yoshioka T, Shintani T, Kamio E, Tung KL, Matsuyama H (2021) Controlling interlayer spacing and organic solvent permeation in laminar graphene oxide membranes modified with crosslinker. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119279
Nelson J, Bargar JR, Wasylenki L, Brown GE, Maher K (2018) Effects of nano-confinement on Zn(II) adsorption to nanoporous silica. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 240:80–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.017
Ng B, Peng X, Faegh E, Mustain WE (2020) Using nanoconfinement to inhibit the degradation pathways of conversion-metal oxide anodes for highly stable fast-charging Li-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 8:2712–2727. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta11708c
Nicholson CE, Cooper SJ (2011) Crystallization of mefenamic acid from dimethylformamide microemulsions: obtaining thermodynamic control through 3d nanoconfinement. Curr Comput-Aided Drug Des 1:195–205. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1030195
Oh MI, Gupta M, Oh CI, Weaver DF (2019) Understanding the effect of nanoconfinement on the structure of water hydrogen bond networks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21:26237–26250. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05014k
Ou R, Zhang H, Truong VX, Zhang L, Hegab HM, Han L, Hou J, Zhang X, Deletic A, Jiang L, Simon GP, Wang H (2020) A sunlight-responsive metal–organic framework system for sustainable water desalination. Nat Sustain 3:1052–1058. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0590-x
Pachfule P, Balan BK, Kurungot S, Banerjee R (2012) One-dimensional confinement of a nanosized metal organic framework in carbon nanofibers for improved gas adsorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 48:2009–2011. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc16877d
Parija A, Waetzig GR, Andrews JL, Banerjee S (2018) Traversing energy landscapes away from equilibrium: strategies for accessing and utilizing metastable phase space. J Phys Chem C 122:25709–25728. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04622
Qian LP, Ma MH, Cheng DH (2014) The effect of water chemistry on adsorption and desorption of U(VI) on nano-alumina. J Mol Liq 197:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2014.05.026
Qian J, Gao X, Pan B (2020) Nanoconfinement-mediated water treatment: from fundamental to application. Environ Sci Technol 54:8509–8526. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01065
Radha B, Esfandiar A, Wang FC, Rooney AP, Gopinadhan K, Keerthi A, Mishchenko A, Janardanan A, Blake P, Fumagalli L, Lozada-Hidalgo M, Garaj S, Haigh SJ, Grigorieva IV, Wu HA, Geim AK (2016) Molecular transport through capillaries made with atomic-scale precision. Nature 538:222–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19363
Rashid R, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Iqbal MJ, Hussain M (2021) A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:9050–9066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x
Ren Y, Shi M, Zhang W, Dionysiou DD, Lu J, Shan C, Zhang Y, Lv L, Pan B (2020) Enhancing the Fenton-like catalytic activity of nFe2O3 by MIL-53(Cu) support: a mechanistic investigation. Environ Sci Technol 54:5258–5267. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00203
Ren JR, Zhu ZL, Qiu YL, Yu F, Ma J, Zhao JF (2021) Magnetic field assisted adsorption of pollutants from an aqueous solution: a review. J Hazard Mater 408
Russo V, Trifuoggi M, Di Serio M, Tesser R (2017) Fluid-solid adsorption in batch and continuous processing: a review and insights into modeling. Chem Eng Technol 40:799–820. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201600582
Sachdeva S, Pustovarenko A, Sudholter EJR, Kapteijn F, de Smet LCPM, Gascon J (2016) Control of interpenetration of copper-based MOFs on supported surfaces by electrochemical synthesis. CrystEngComm 18:4018–4022. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ce02462e
Samitsu S, Zhang R, Peng X, Krishnan MR, Fujii Y, Ichinose I (2013) Flash freezing route to mesoporous polymer nanofibre networks. Nat Commun 4:2653. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3653
Schulthess CP, Taylor RW, Ferreira DR (2011) The nanopore inner sphere enhancement effect on cation adsorption: sodium and nickel. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:378–388. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0129nps
Senapati S, Chandra A (2001) Dielectric constant of water confined in a nanocavity. J Phys Chem B 105:5106–5109. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011058i
Shen L, Liu F, Chen G, Zhou HH, Le ZY, Wu HB, Wang G, Lu YF (2016) Encapsulation of SnO2 nanocrystals into hierarchically porous carbon by melt infiltration for high-performance lithium storage. J Mater Chem A 4:18706–18710. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta09015j
Shi L, Zhang G, Wang Y (2018) Tailoring catalytic performance of carbon nanotubes confined CuO CeO2 catalysts for CO preferential oxidation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43:18211–18219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.020
Shi LY, Li YX, Xue DM, Tan P, Jiang Y, Liu XQ, Sun LB (2020) Fabrication of highly dispersed nickel in nanoconfined spaces of as-made SBA-15 for dry reforming of methane with carbon dioxide. Chem Eng J 390:124491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124491
Singh S, Kapoor D, Khasnabis S, Singh J, Ramamurthy PC (2021) Mechanism and kinetics of adsorption and removal of heavy metals from wastewater using nanomaterials. Environ Chem Lett 19:2351–2381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01196-w
Sobrino Fernández M, Peeters FM, Neek-Amal M (2016) Electric-field-induced structural changes in water confined between two graphene layers. Phys Rev B 94:045436. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.045436
Song RX, Feng W, Jimenez-Cruz CA, Wang B, Jiang WR, Wang ZG, Zhou RH (2015) Water film inside graphene nanosheets: electron transfer reversal between water and graphene via tight nano-confinement. Rsc Adv 5:274–280. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13736a
Su P, Fu W, Du X, Song G, Zhou M (2021) Confined Fe0@CNTs for highly efficient and super stable activation of persulfate in wide pH ranges: radicals and non-radical co-catalytic mechanism. Chem Eng J 420:129446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129446
Subhan F, Aslam S, Yan ZF, Zhen L, Ikram M, Ullah R, Etim UJ, Ahmad A (2018) Ammonia assisted functionalization of cuprous oxide within confined spaces of SBA-15 for adsorptive desulfurization. Chem Eng J 339:557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.146
Subhan F, Aslam S, Yan ZF, Ahmad A, Etim UJ, Naeem M, Zhen L, Ikram M, Yaseen M (2020) Highly dispersive lanthanum oxide fabricated in confined space of SBA-15 for adsorptive desulfurization. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123271
Sun F, Gao JH, Wu HB, Liu X, Wang LJ, Pi XX, Lu YF (2017a) Confined growth of small ZnO nanoparticles in a nitrogen-rich carbon framework: advanced anodes for long-life Li-ion batteries. Carbon 113:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.039
Sun YR, Yu F, Ma J (2017b) Research progress of nanoconfined water. Acta Phys Chim Sin 33:2173–2183. https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb201705312
Sun Y, Yu F, Li C, Dai X, Ma J (2019) Nano-/micro-confined water in graphene hydrogel as superadsorbents for water purification. Nano-Micro Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0336-3
Tabassum H, Mahmood A, Zhu BJ, Liang ZB, Zhong RQ, Guo SJ, Zou RQ (2019) Recent advances in confining metal-based nanoparticles into carbon nanotubes for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Energy Environ Sci 12:2924–2956. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00315k
Takei T, Mukasa K, Kofuji M, Fuji M, Watanabe T, Chikazawa M, Kanazawa T (2000) Changes in density and surface tension of water in silica pores. Colloid Polym Sci 278:475–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003960050542
Tan N, Ning YH, Hu P, Feng Y, Li Q, Lin CH, Cao Z, Zhang YF, Zeng JL (2021) Silica-confined composite form-stable phase change materials: a review. J Therm Anal Calorim. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11037-1
Tang W, Li Q, Li C, Gao S, Shang JK (2010) Ultrafine α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles grown in confinement of in situ self-formed “cage” and their superior adsorption performance on arsenic(III). J Nanopart Res 13:2641–2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-0157-2
Tang ZW, Li SF, Yang WN, Yu XB (2012) Hypercrosslinked porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resin: a promising nanostructure-incubator for hydrogen storage. J Mater Chem 22:12752–12758. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30382e
Tao R, Ma XR, Wei XL, Jin YH, Qiu L, Zhang W (2020) Porous organic polymer material supported palladium nanoparticles. J Mater Chem A 8:17360–17391. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05175f
Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai H, Petit P, Robert J, Xu C, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Scuseria GE, Tomanek D, Fischer JE, Smalley RE (1996) Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes. Science 273:483–487. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5274.483
Tian WH, Sun LB, Song XL, Liu XQ, Yin Y, He GS (2010) Adsorptive desulfurization by copper species within confined space. Langmuir 26:17398–17404. https://doi.org/10.1021/la101856d
Tian C, Zhao J, Zhang J, Chu SQ, Dang Z, Lin Z, Xing BS (2017) Enhanced removal of roxarsone by Fe3O4@3D graphene nanocomposites: synergistic adsorption and mechanism. Environ Sci-Nano 4:2134–2143. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7en00758b
Tong X, Li Z, Chen W, Wang J, Li X, Mu J, Tang Y, Li L (2020) Efficient catalytic ozonation of diclofenac by three-dimensional iron (Fe)-doped SBA-16 mesoporous structures. J Colloid Interface Sci 578:461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.003
Torasso N, Vergara-Rubio A, Rivas-Rojas P, Huck-Iriart C, Larranaga A, Fernandez-Cirelli A, Cerveny S, Goyanes S (2021) Enhancing arsenic adsorption via excellent dispersion of iron oxide nanoparticles inside poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104664
Verma P, Kuwahara Y, Mori K, Raja R, Yamashita H (2020) Functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica: recent trends and catalytic applications. Nanoscale 12:11333–11363. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00732c
Verstraete L, Szabelski P, Braganca AM, Hirsch BE, De Feyter S (2019) Adaptive self-assembly in 2D nanoconfined spaces: dealing with geometric frustration. Chem Mater 31:6779–6786. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01251
Vittadini A, Selloni A, Rotzinger FP, Grätzel M (1998) Structure and energetics of water adsorbed at TiO2 anatase (101) and (001) surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 81:2954–2957. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2954
Vo TK, Hau DC, Nguyen VC, Quang DT, Kim J (2021) Double-solvent-assisted synthesis of bimetallic CuFe-incorporated MIL-101 (Cr) for improved CO-adsorption performance and oxygen-resistant stability. Appl Surf Sci 546:149087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149087
Waller PJ, Gandara F, Yaghi OM (2015) Chemistry of covalent organic frameworks. Acc Chem Res 48:3053–3063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00369
Wang J, Zhang S, Pan B, Zhang W, Lv L (2011) Hydrous ferric oxide-resin nanocomposites of tunable structure for arsenite removal: effect of the host pore structure. J Hazard Mater 198:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.036
Wang XS, Li MY, Cao CY, Liu C, Liu J, Zhu YA, Zhang SD, Song WG (2016) Surfactant-free palladium nanoparticles encapsulated in ZIF-8 hollow nanospheres for size-selective catalysis in liquid-phase solution. ChemCatChem 8:3224–3228. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600846
Wang XZ, Zhuo N, Fu CG, Tian ZQ, Li HG, Zhang JL, Wu W, Yang Z, Yang WB (2017a) Enhanced selective adsorption of benzotriazole onto nanosized zeolitic imidazolate frameworks confined in polystyrene anion exchanger. Chem Eng J 328:816–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.095
Wang Y, Chen J, Wei X, Hernandez Maldonado AJ, Chen Z (2017b) Unveiling adsorption mechanisms of organic pollutants onto carbon nanomaterials by density functional theory computations and linear free energy relationship modeling. Environ Sci Technol 51:11820–11828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02707
Wang X, Shi G, Liang S, Liu J, Li D, Fang G, Liu R, Yan L, Fang H (2018) Unexpectedly high salt accumulation inside carbon nanotubes soaked in dilute salt solutions. Phys Rev Lett 121:226102. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.226102
Wang N, Sun Q, Yu J (2019a) Ultrasmall metal nanoparticles confined within crystalline nanoporous materials: a fascinating class of nanocatalysts. Adv Mater 31:e1803966. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803966
Wang Y, Mao J, Meng X, Yu L, Deng D, Bao X (2019b) Catalysis with two-dimensional materials confining single atoms: concept, design, and applications. Chem Rev 119:1806–1854. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00501
Wang B, Xu L, Liu GP, Ye YZ, Quan Y, Wang CT, Wei WX, Zhu WS, Xu CX, Li HM, Xia JX (2020a) In situ confinement growth of peasecod-like N-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulate bimetallic FeCu alloy as a bifunctional oxygen reaction cathode electrocatalyst for sustainable energy batteries. J Alloys Compd 826:154152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154152
Wang H, Lin Y, Liu S, Li J, Bu L, Chen J, Xiao X, Choi J-H, Gao L, Lee J-M (2020b) Confined growth of pyridinic N-Mo2C sites on MXenes for hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 8:7109–7116. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta01697g
Wang L, Shi C, Wang L, Pan L, Zhang X, Zou JJ (2020c) Rational design, synthesis, adsorption principles and applications of metal oxide adsorbents: a review. Nanoscale 12:4790–4815. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09274a
Wang P, Jiang L, Zou X, Tan H, Zhang P, Li J, Liu B, Zhu G (2020d) Confining polyoxometalate clusters into porous aromatic framework materials for catalytic desulfurization of dibenzothiophene. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12:25910–25919. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05392
Wang W, Fang JJ, Chen H (2020e) Nano-confined g-C3N4 in mesoporous SiO2 with improved quantum size effect and tunable structure for photocatalytic tetracycline antibiotic degradation. J Alloys Compd 819:153064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153064
Wang J, Zhang M, Li G, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Jiao T, Zhang Y, Liang P, Zhang H (2021a) Ultrafine Au nanoparticles confined in three-dimensional mesopores of MCM-48 for efficient and regenerable Hg0 removal sorbent in H2S and H2O containing natural gas. Fuel 286:119479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119479
Wang LJ, Liu FH, Pal A, Ning YS, Wang Z, Zhao BY, Bradley R, Wu WP (2021b) Ultra-small Fe3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in hollow porous carbon nanocapsules for high performance supercapacitors. Carbon 179:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.04.024
Wei N, Yu L, Sun Z, Song Y, Wang M, Tian Z, Xia Y, Cai J, Li YY, Zhao L, Li Q, Rummeli MH, Sun J, Liu Z (2019) Scalable salt-templated synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets toward printable energy storage. ACS Nano 13:7517–7526. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03157
Wu CM, Rathi M, Ahrenkiel SP, Koodali RT, Wang Z (2013) Facile synthesis of MOF-5 confined in SBA-15 hybrid material with enhanced hydrostability. Chem Commun (camb) 49:1223–1225. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc38366g
Xie XF, Gao L (2009) Effect of crystal structure on adsorption behaviors of nanosized TiO2 for heavy-metal cations. Curr Appl Phys 9:S185–S188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2009.01.035
Xie A, Dai J, Cui J, Lang J, Wei M, Dai X, Li C, Yan Y (2017) Novel graphene oxide-confined nanospace directed synthesis of glucose-based porous carbon nanosheets with enhanced adsorption performance. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:11566–11576. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02917
Xu Y, Sheng K, Li C, Shi G (2010) Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process. ACS Nano 4:4324–4330. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101187z
Xu J, Wang S, Wang GN, Zhu C, Luo S, Jin L, Gu X, Chen S, Feig VR, To JW, Rondeau-Gagne S, Park J, Schroeder BC, Lu C, Oh JY, Wang Y, Kim YH, Yan H, Sinclair R, Zhou D, Xue G, Murmann B, Linder C, Cai W, Tok JB, Chung JW, Bao Z (2017) Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect. Science 355:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4496
Yamazoe K, Higaki Y, Inutsuka Y, Miyawaki J, Cui YT, Takahara A, Harada Y (2017) Enhancement of the hydrogen-bonding network of water confined in a polyelectrolyte brush. Langmuir 33:3954–3959. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00243
Yang X, Zhu J, Qiu L, Li D (2011) Bioinspired effective prevention of restacking in multilayered graphene films: towards the next generation of high-performance supercapacitors. Adv Mater 23:2833–2838. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201100261
Yang Q, Xu Q, Jiang HL (2017a) Metal–organic frameworks meet metal nanoparticles: synergistic effect for enhanced catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 46:4774–4808. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00724d
Yang X, Lu X, Wu L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Li X (2017b) Pd nanoparticles entrapped in TiO2 nanotubes for complete butane catalytic combustion at 130 °C. Environ Chem Lett 15:421–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0608-4
Yang J, Yuan M, Xu D, Zhao H, Zhu YY, Fan MY, Zhang FW, Dong ZP (2018) Highly dispersed ultrafine palladium nanoparticles encapsulated in a triazinyl functionalized porous organic polymer as a highly efficient catalyst for transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes. J Mater Chem A 6:18242–18251. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07502f
Yang Y, Mu L, Chen L, Shi G, Fang H (2019) Precise control of the interlayer spacing between graphene sheets by hydrated cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21:7623–7629. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07837h
Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wang XZ, Tian ZQ, Yang WB, Graham NJD (2020) Efficient adsorption of four phenolic compounds using a robust nanocomposite fabricated by confining 2D porous organic polymers in 3D anion exchangers. Chem Eng J 396:125296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125296
Yao X, Guo G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Tan SY, Zeng Y, Zou R, Yan Q, Zhao Y (2016a) Synergistic effect of mesoporous Co3O4 nanowires confined by N-doped graphene aerogel for enhanced lithium storage. Small 12:3849–3860. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600632
Yao Y, Chen H, Lian C, Wei F, Zhang D, Wu G, Chen B, Wang S (2016b) Fe Co, Ni nanocrystals encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as Fenton-like catalysts for organic pollutant removal. J Hazard Mater 314:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.089
Yin Y, Jiang WJ, Liu XQ, Li YH, Sun LB (2012) Dispersion of copper species in a confined space and their application in thiophene capture. J Mater Chem 22:18514–18521. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33216g
Yoo E, Choi JH, Hoang NH, Lee JS, Vuong S, Hur B, Han P, Oh KT, Fahmy T, Kim D (2018) Particle-in-particle platform for nanoconfinement-induced oncothermia. Acs Appl Biol Mater 1:1927–1941. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.8b00490
Yu F, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang P, Ma J (2021b) Environmental applications of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides for water purification: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01325-5
Yu F, Bai XT, Liang MX, Ma J (2021a) Recent progress on metal–organic framework-derived porous carbon and its composite for pollutant adsorption from liquid phase. Chem Eng J 405:126960
Yuan Z, Guo H, Huang Y, Li W, Liu Y, Chen K, Yue M, Wang Y (2022) Composites of NiSe2@C hollow nanospheres wrapped with Ti3C2Tx MXene for synergistic enhanced sodium storage. Chem Eng J 429:132394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132394
Zhan XX, Si C, Zhou J, Sun ZM (2020) MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications. Nanoscale Horizons 5:235–258. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00571d
Zhang LL, Zhao X, Stoller MD, Zhu Y, Ji H, Murali S, Wu Y, Perales S, Clevenger B, Ruoff RS (2012) Highly conductive and porous activated reduced graphene oxide films for high-power supercapacitors. Nano Lett 12:1806–1812. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203903z
Zhang Q, Teng J, Zou G, Peng Q, Du Q, Jiao T, Xiang J (2016a) Efficient phosphate sequestration for water purification by unique sandwich-like MXene/magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites. Nanoscale 8:7085–7093. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr09303a
Zhang Y, Pan B, Shan C, Gao X (2016b) Enhanced phosphate removal by nanosized hydrated La(III) oxide confined in cross-linked polystyrene networks. Environ Sci Technol 50:1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04630
Zhang X, Cheng C, Qian J, Lu Z, Pan S, Pan B (2017a) Highly efficient water decontamination by using Sub-10 nm FeOOH confined within millimeter-sized mesoporous polystyrene beads. Environ Sci Technol 51:9210–9218. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01608
Zhang XL, Wang YH, Chang XF, Wang P, Pan BC (2017b) Iron oxide nanoparticles confined in mesoporous silicates for arsenic sequestration: effect of the host pore structure. Environ Sci-Nano 4:679–688. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6en00514d
Zhang H, Huang M, Wen J, Li Y, Li A, Zhang L, Ali AM, Li Y (2019a) Sub-3 nm Rh nanoclusters confined within a metal–organic framework for enhanced hydrogen generation. Chem Commun (camb) 55:4699–4702. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc00003h
Zhang H, Sun H, Zhang D, Zhang W, Chen S, Li M, Liang P (2019b) Nanoconfinement of Ag nanoparticles inside mesoporous channels of MCM-41 molecule sieve as a regenerable and H2O resistance sorbent for Hg0 removal in natural gas. Chem Eng J 361:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.059
Zhang P, Wang L, Yuan LY, Lan JH, Chai ZF, Shi WQ (2019c) Sorption of Eu(III) on MXene-derived titanate structures: the effect of nano-confined space. Chem Eng J 370:1200–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.286
Zhang W, Mei Y, Huang X, Wu P, Wu H, He M (2019d) Size-controlled growth of silver nanoparticles onto functionalized ordered mesoporous polymers for efficient CO2 upgrading. ACS Appl Mater Int 11:44241–44248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b14927
Zhang XL, Shen JL, Pan SY, Qian JS, Pan BC (2020) Metastable zirconium phosphate under nanoconfinement with superior adsorption capability for water treatment. Adv Funct Mater 30:1909014. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909014
Zhang S, Hedtke T, Zhou XC, Elimelech M, Kim JH (2021b) Environmental applications of engineered materials with nanoconfinement. Acs Env Sci Tech Eng 1:706–724. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.1c00007
Zhang J, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ying Y, Fu Y (2021a) Nanoconfinement effect for signal amplification in electrochemical analysis and sensing. Small. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202101665
Zhao L, Wang ZB, Li JL, Zhang JJ, Sui XL, Zhang LM (2016) Hybrid of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles and three dimensional graphene aerogel as high stable electrocatalyst for methanol electrooxidation. Electrochim Acta 189:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.072
Zhao D, Chen Z, Yang W, Liu S, Zhang X, Yu Y, Cheong WC, Zheng L, Ren F, Ying G, Cao X, Wang D, Peng Q, Wang G, Chen C (2019) MXene (Ti3C2) vacancy-confined single-atom catalyst for efficient functionalization of CO2. J Am Chem Soc 141:4086–4093. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b13579
Zhao X, Zhang Y, Pan S, Zhang X, Zhang W, Pan B (2021) Utilization of gel-type polystyrene host for immobilization of nano-sized hydrated zirconium oxides: a new strategy for enhanced phosphate removal. Chemosphere 263:127938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127938
Zheng WZ, Guo CX, Yang J, He F, Yang B, Li ZJ, Lei LC, Xiao JP, Wu G, Hou Y (2019) Highly active metallic nickel sites confined in N-doped carbon nanotubes toward significantly enhanced activity of CO2 electroreduction. Carbon 150:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.112
Zhong AQ, Xu Y, He ZD, Zhang H, Wang TQ, Zhou MH, Xiong LF, Huang K (2017) Thiol-functionalized organic porous polymers as a support for gold nanoparticles and its catalytic applications. Macromol Chem Phys 218:1700044. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201700044
Zhou J, Qin J, Zhang X, Shi C, Liu E, Li J, Zhao N, He C (2015) 2D space-confined synthesis of few-layer MoS2 anchored on carbon nanosheet for lithium-ion battery anode. ACS Nano 9:3837–3848. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506850e
Zhou C, Zhang X, Tang N, Fang Y, Zhang H, Duan X (2020a) Rapid response flexible humidity sensor for respiration monitoring using nano-confined strategy. Nanotechnology 31:125302. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab5cda
Zhou XP, Meng T, Yi FY, Shu D, Han DM, Zhu ZH, Gao AM, Liu C, Li X, Yang KM, Yi H (2020b) Supramolecular-induced confining methylene blue in three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide for high-performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources 475:228554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228554
Zhu QL, Li J, Xu Q (2013) Immobilizing metal nanoparticles to metal-organic frameworks with size and location control for optimizing catalytic performance. J Am Chem Soc 135:10210–10213. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403330m
Zhu Z, Yang Y, Guan Y, Xue JH, Cui LL (2016) Construction of a cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon material with the desired porosity derived from the confined growth of MOFs within graphene aerogels as a superior catalyst towards HER and ORR. J Mater Chem A 4:15536–15545. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05196k
Zhu QL, Song FZ, Wang QJ, Tsumori N, Himeda Y, Autrey T, Xu Q (2018a) A solvent-switched in situ confinement approach for immobilizing highly-active ultrafine palladium nanoparticles: boosting catalytic hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 6:5544–5549. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01093e
Zhu SL, Nguyen MT, Fumoto K, Kanie K, Muramatsu A, Yonezawa T (2018b) Sn nanoparticles confined in porous silica spheres for enhanced thermal cyclic stability. Acs Appl Nano Mater 1:4073–4082. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00698
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (21777118) and the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation (No. PCRRE20004). We are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments to improve this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the review. Jie Ma had the idea for the article. Literature search, data collection and analysis were performed by Jie Ma and Ziqing Zhou. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ziqing Zhou, and Jie Ma and Fei Yu drafted and critically revised on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Z., Yu, F. & Ma, J. Nanoconfinement engineering for enchanced adsorption of carbon materials, metal–organic frameworks, mesoporous silica, MXenes and porous organic polymers: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 563–595 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01355-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01355-z