Abstract
In this study, the ionospheric response related to the January 15, 2022, Tonga volcanic eruption is investigated using total electron content extracted from the global navigation satellite system network in New Zealand. Significant covolcanic ionospheric disturbances (CVIDs) are observed after the eruption. Two wide-wavelength CVIDs first appeared with a propagation speed of 581 m/s. Then, they split into two modes at about 2400 km away from the explosion center, the fast one with a speed of 643 m/s and the slow one with a speed of 380 m/s. Following the wide-wavelength CVIDs, many narrow-wavelength CVIDs occur from about 2000 km away from the explosion center with various propagation speeds of 380 m/s, 358 m/s and 252 m/s. According to the propagation characteristics, the wide-wavelength CVIDs can be attributed to the shock waves in acoustic–gravity modes excited by the volcanic eruption; the fast narrow-wavelength CVIDs (380 m/s and 358 m/s) are caused by the Lamb waves that generate atmospheric resonance at gravity wave modes, while the slow narrow-wavelength CVIDs (252 m/s) could be due to the eruption-induced gravity waves. These new observed results can provide a deeper understanding of volcano-ionosphere coupling.
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GNSS and tide gauge data are available from the public website https://data.geonet.org.nz/.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the GeoNet Data Center for providing the GNSS and tide gauge data. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42274017 and Grant No. 41804021), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2020A1515010811) and Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant No. 202201010129).
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Tang, L. Ionospheric disturbances of the January 15, 2022, Tonga volcanic eruption observed using the GNSS network in New Zealand. GPS Solut 27, 53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01395-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01395-8