Abstract
The ionospheric responses over China during the geomagnetic storm on September 7–8, 2017 are investigated by using the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), the geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite observations of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) from the IGS Multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX), ionosonde data and Swarm satellite observations. We analyze the vertical TEC (VTEC) variation with a time resolution of 30 s and find that the daytime VTEC shows an enhancement and a positive ionospheric response during the first storm on September 8 over low mid-latitude regions. The critical frequency (\(foF_{2}\)) also presents positive deviations during the first storm over mid-latitude areas. In addition, the intense perturbations of the \(foF_{2}\) from station SANY and the GEO VTEC from stations LHAZ and CMUM effectively detect the presence of the traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during the second storm period. Also, a dense station network observed both equatorward and poleward large-scale TIDs in the southwest of China on the night of September 8. The variation of the electron density Ne from the Swarm A and C satellites verifies the occurrence of these LSTIDs over China. In addition, the auroral oval boundary from DMSP/SSUSI data and the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field from magnetometers are used to analyze the possible links with these LSTIDs during this geomagnetic storm.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The MGEX data were obtained from the IGS (ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/gps/data/campaign/mgex), the GPS data from CMONOC, the OMNI data from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface (http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov), the ionosondes data from GIRODidbase (https://ulcar.uml.edu/), the magnetometer data from Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment (http://wdc.geophys.ac.cn), the Swarm satellite data from the European Space Agency (http://earth.esa.int/Swarm), and the auroral oval boundary from DMSP/SSUSI data (https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/).
References
Akala AO, Oyeyemi EO, Amaechi PO, Radicella SM, Nava B, Amory-Mazaudier C (2020) Longitudinal responses of the equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere over the oceanic regions to geomagnetic storms of May and September 2017. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125(8):e2020JA027963. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027963
Alfonsi L, Cesaroni C, Spogli L, Regi M, Paul A, Ray S, Sinha AK (2021) Ionospheric disturbances over the Indian sector during September 8 2017 geomagnetic storm: plasma structuring and propagation. Space Weather 19(3):e2020SW002607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002607
Blagoveshchensky DV, Sergeeva MA (2019) Impact of geomagnetic storm of September 7–8, 2017 on ionosphere and HF propagation: a multi-instrument study. Adv Space Res 63(1):239–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.07.016
Blagoveshchensky DV, Sergeeva MA, Corona-Romero P (2019) Features of the magnetic disturbance on September 7–8, 2017 by geophysical data. Adv Space Res 64(1):71–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.03.037
Chen G, Ding F, Wan W, Hu L, Zhao X, Li J (2020) Structures of multiple large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by dense Global Navigation Satellite System networks in China. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125(2):e2019JA027032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027032
Cherniak I, Zakharenkova I (2018a) Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances origin and propagation: case study of the December 2015 geomagnetic storm. Space Weather 16(9):1377–1395. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001869
Cherniak I, Zakharenkova I (2018b) Ionospheric total electron content response to the great American solar eclipse of August 21 2017. Geophys Res Lett 45(3):1199–1208. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075989
Chimonas G, Hines CO (1970) Atmospheric gravity waves launched by auroral currents. Planet Space Sci 18(4):565–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(70)90132-7
Curto JJ, Marsal S, Blanch E, Altadill D (2018) Analysis of the solar flare effects of September 6 2017 in the ionosphere and in the Earth’s magnetic field using spherical elementary current systems. Space Weather 16(11):1709–1720. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001927
Ding F, Wan W, Ning B, Wang M (2007) Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS total electron content during the magnetic storm of 29–30 October 2003. J Geophys Res Space Phys. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012013
Ding F, Wan W, Xu G, Yu T, Yang G, Wang JS (2011) Climatology of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by a GPS network in central China. J Geophys Res Space Phys. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016545
Ding F, Wan W, Ning B, Zhao B, Li Q, Zhang R, Song Q (2012) Two-dimensional imaging of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over China based on GPS data. J Geophys Res Space Phys. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017546
Ferreira AA, Borries C, Xiong C, Borges RA, Mielich J, Kouba D (2020) Identification of potential precursors for the occurrence of Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in a case study during September 2017. J Space Weather Space Clim 10:32. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020029
Gonzalez WD, Joselyn JA, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Rostoker G, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM (1994) What is a geomagnetic storm? J Geophys Res Space Phys 99(A4):5771–5792. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02867
Habarulema JB, Katamzi ZT, Yizengaw E (2015) First observations of poleward large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over the African sector during geomagnetic storm conditions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 120(8):6914–6929. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021066
Habarulema JB, Katamzi-Joseph ZT, Burešová D, Nndanganeni R, Matamba T, Tshisaphungo M, Mahrous A (2020) Ionospheric response at conjugate locations during the 7–8 September 2017 geomagnetic storm over the Europe–African longitude sector. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125(10):e2020JA028307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028307
Huang F, Lei J, Dou X, Luan X, Zhong J (2018) Nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances from airglow imager and Global Navigation Satellite Systems observations. Geophys Res Lett 45(1):31–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076408
Jiang C, Wei L, Yang G, Aa E, Lan T, Liu T, Zhao Z (2020) Large-scale ionospheric irregularities detected by ionosonde and GNSS receiver network. IEEE Geosci Remote S. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2020.2990940
Jin S, Jin R, Kutoglu H (2017) Positive and negative ionospheric responses to the March 2015 geomagnetic storm from BDS observations. J Geod 91(6):613–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0988-4
Jin H, Zou S, Chen G, Yan C, Zhang S, Yang G (2018) Formation and evolution of low-latitude F region field-aligned irregularities during the 7–8 September 2017 storm: Hainan coherent scatter phased array radar and digisonde observations. Space Weather 16(6):648–659. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001865
Jonah OF, Coster A, Zhang S, Goncharenko L, Erickson PJ, de Paula ER, Kherani EA (2018) TID observations and source analysis during the 2017 Memorial Day weekend geomagnetic storm over North America. J Geophys Res Space Phys 123(10):8749–8765. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025367
Kumar S, Kumar S (2020) Equatorial ionospheric TEC and scintillations under the space weather events of 4–9 September 2017: M-class solar flares and a G4 geomagnetic storm. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 209:105421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105421
Lei J, Huang F, Chen X, Zhong J, Ren D, Wang W, Xue X (2018) Was magnetic storm the only driver of the long-duration enhancements of daytime total electron content in the Asian-Australian sector between 7 and 12 September 2017? J Geophys Res Space Phys 123(4):3217–3232. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA025166
Li G, Ning B, Wang C, Abdu MA, Otsuka Y, Yamamoto M, Chen J (2018) Storm-enhanced development of postsunset equatorial plasma bubbles around the meridian 120°E/60°W on 7–8 September 2017. J Geophys Res Space Phys 123(9):7985–7998. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025871
Liu J, Zhang D, Coster AJ, Zhang S, Ma G, Hao Y, Xiao Z (2019) A case study of the large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in the eastern Asian sector during the 2015 St. Patrick’s day geomagnetic storm. Ann Geophys 37(4):673–687. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-673-2019
Liu L, Zou S, Yao Y, Aa E (2020a) Multi-scale ionosphere responses to the May 2017 magnetic storm over the Asian sector. GPS Solut 24(26):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0940-1
Liu Y, Li Z, Fu L, Wang J, Zhang C (2020b) Studying the ionospheric responses induced by a geomagnetic storm in September 2017 with multiple observations in America. GPS Solut 24(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0916-1
Lyons LR, Nishimura Y, Zhang S, Coster AJ, Bhatt A, Kendall E, Deng Y (2019) Identification of auroral zone activity driving large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances. J Geophys Res Space Phys 124(1):700–714. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025980
Matamba TM, Habarulema JB, McKinnell LA (2015) Statistical analysis of the ionospheric response during geomagnetic storm conditions over South Africa using ionosonde and GPS data. Space Weather 13(9):536–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015SW001218
Tang J, Yao Y, Zhang L (2015) Temporal and spatial ionospheric variations of April 20 2013 Earthquake in Yaan. China IEEE Geosci Remote S 12(11):2242–2246. https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2463081
Tang J, Yao Y, Kong J, Zhang L (2016) Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using ionospheric imaging at storm time: a case study on March 17 2013. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 145:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.04.006
Wen D, Mei D (2020) Ionospheric TEC disturbances over China during the strong geomagnetic storm in September 2017. Adv Space Res 65(11):2529–2539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.002
Yao Y, Liu L, Kong J, Zhai C (2016) Analysis of the global ionospheric disturbances of the March 2015 great storm. J Geophys Res Space Phys 121(12):12157–12170. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023352
Yasyukevich Y, Astafyeva E, Padokhin A, Ivanova V, Syrovatskii S, Podlesnyi A (2018) The September 6 2017 X-class solar flares and their impacts on the ionosphere, GNSS, and HF radio wave propagation. Space Weather 16(8):1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001932
Zakharenkova I, Astafyeva E, Cherniak I (2016) GPS and GLONASS observations of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances during the 2015 St. Patrick’s day storm. J Geophys Res Space Phys 121(12):12–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023332
Zhang K, Li X, Xiong C, Meng X, Li X, Yuan Y, Zhang X (2019a) The influence of geomagnetic storm of 7–8 September 2017 on the Swarm precise orbit determination. J Geophys Res Space Phys 124(8):6971–6984. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026316
Zhang S, Coster AJ, Erickson PJ, Goncharenko LP, Rideout W, Vierinen J (2019b) Traveling ionospheric disturbances and ionospheric perturbations associated with solar flares in September 2017. J Geophys Res Space Phys 124(7):5894–5917. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026585
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41761089). We acknowledge IGS for providing MGEX data, GIRODidbase for providing ionosonde data, Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment for providing magnetometer data, OMNIWeb for providing OMNI data, European Space Agency for providing Swarm satellite data, and Johns Hopkins University for providing DMSP/SSUSI data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, J., Gao, X., Li, Y. et al. Study of ionospheric responses over China during September 7–8, 2017 using GPS, Beidou (GEO), and Swarm satellite observations. GPS Solut 26, 55 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01244-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01244-0