Abstract
A Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) tomography system is implemented in the Lisbon area, Portugal, to estimate the water vapor dynamics at a local scale. A field experiment was carried out, in which a series of temporary GNSS stations were installed, increasing the network from 9 permanent stations to a total of 17 GNSS stations. A radiosonde campaign was also performed with high sampling launches, at 4-h intervals, for 1 week. A time series of hourly 3D wet refractivity solutions were obtained during the radiosonde campaign. Radiosonde and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements were used to compute wet refractivity profiles to initialize and update the tomography solutions. The dependence of the GNSS tomography solution on the initial conditions obtained from both radiosonde and AIRS measurements, and their updating frequencies are studied. It is found that the GNSS tomography continuous measurement of the atmospheric refractivity provides solutions with an RMS mean of about 2 g/m3.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghajany SH, Amerian Y (2017) Three dimensional ray tracing technique for tropospheric water vapor tomography using GPS measurements. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys 164:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.08.003
Bender M, Dick G, Ge M, Deng Z, Wickert J, Kahle HG, Raabe A, Tetzlaff G (2011) Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques. Adv Space Res 47(10):1704–1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.05.034
Benevides P, Catalão J, Miranda PMA (2015a) On the inclusion of GPS precipitable water vapour in the nowcasting of rainfall. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15(12):2605–2616. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2605-2015
Benevides P, Catalao J, Nico G, Miranda PMA (2015b) Inclusion of high resolution MODIS maps on a 3D tropospheric water vapor GPS tomography model. Proc SPIE 9640:96400R. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194857
Benevides P, Nico G, Catalão J, Miranda PMA (2016) Bridging InSAR and GPS tomography: a new differential geometrical constraint. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 54(2):697–702. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2463263
Benevides P, Nico G, Catalão J, Miranda PMA (2017) Analysis of Galileo and GPS integration for GNSS tomography. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 55(4):1936–1943. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2631449
Bevis M, Businger S, Herring T, Rocken C, Anthes R, Ware R (1992) GPS meteorology: remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using GPS. J Geophys Res 97:15787–15801. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD01517
Boehm J, Werl B, Schuh H (2006) Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003629
Brenot H, Walpersdorf A, Reverdy M, Van Baelen J, Ducrocq V, Champollion C, Masson F, Doerflinger E, Collard P, Giroux P (2014) A GPS network for tropospheric tomography in the framework of the Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (southeastern France). Atmos Meas Tech 7(2):553. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-553-2014
Champollion C (2004) GPS monitoring of the tropospheric water vapor distribution and variation during the 9 September 2002 torrential precipitation episode in the Cévennes (southern France). J Geophys Res 109(D24):D24102
Champollion C, Masson F, Bouin MN, Walpersdorf A, Doerflinger E, Bock O, Van Baelen J (2005) GPS water vapour tomography: preliminary results from the ESCOMPTE field experiment. Atmos Res 74(1):253–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.04.003
Champollion C, Flamant C, Bock O, Masson F, Turner DD, Weckwerth T (2009) Mesoscale GPS tomography applied to the 12 June 2002 convective initiation event of IHOP_2002. Q J Royal Meteorol Soc 135(640):645–662
Divakarla MG, Barnet CD, Goldberg MD, McMillin LM, Maddy E, Wolf W, Zhou L, Liu X (2006) Validation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder temperature and water vapor retrievals with matched radiosonde measurements and forecasts. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006116
Flores A, Ruffini G, Rius A (2000) 4D tropospheric tomography using GPS slant wet delays. Ann Geophys 18(2):223–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0223-7
Guerova G, Jones J, Dousa J, Dick G, de Haan S, Pottiaux E, Bock O, Pacione R, Elgered G, Vedel H, Bender M (2016) Review of the state of the art and future prospects of the ground-based GNSS meteorology in Europe. Atmos Meas Tech 9(11):5385. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5385-2016
Herring T, King RW, McClusky SC (2010) GAMIT reference manual—GPS analysis at MIT—release 10.4. Department of Earth Atmospheric Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge
Labbouz L, Van Baelen J, Tridon F, Reverdy M, Hagen M, Bender M, Dick G, Gorgas G, Planche C (2013) Precipitation on the lee side of the Vosges Mountains: multi-instrumental study of one case from the COPS campaign. Meteorol Z 22(4):413–432. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0413
Lu C, Li X, Ge M, Heinkelmann R, Nilsson T, Soja B, Dick G, Schuh H (2016) Estimation and evaluation of real-time precipitable water vapor from GLONASS and GPS. GPS Solut 20(4):703–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0479-8
Martins JPA, Teixeira J, Soares PMM, Miranda PMA, Kahn BH, Dang V, Irion B, Fetzer EJ, Fishbein E (2010) Infrared sounding of the trade-wind boundary layer: AIRS and the RICO experiment. Geophys Res Lett 37:L24806. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045902
Mateus P, Nico G, Catalão J (2014) Maps of PWV temporal changes by SAR interferometry: a study on the properties of atmosphere’s temperature profiles. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 11(12):2065–2069
Mateus P, Nico G, Catalão J (2015) Uncertainty assessment of the estimated atmospheric delay obtained by a numerical weather model (NMW). IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(12):6710–6717. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2446758
Mateus P, Miranda PMA, Nico G, Catalão J, Pinto P, Tomé R (2018) Assimilating InSAR maps of water vapor to improve heavy rainfall forecasts: a case study with 2 successive storms. J Geophys Res Atmos 123(7):3341–3355. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027472
Menke W (2012) Geophysical data analysis: discrete inverse theory. Academic, San Diego
Miranda PMA, Alves JMR, Serra N (2013) Climate change and upwelling: response of Iberian upwelling to atmospheric forcing in a regional climate scenario. Clim Dyn 40(11–12):2813–2824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1442-9
Nilsson T, Gradinarsky L, Elgered G (2007) Water vapour tomography using GPS phase observations: results from the ESCOMPTE experiment. Tellus A 59(5):674–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00247.x
Olsen ET, Manning E, Blaisdell J, Iredell L, Licata S, Sussking J, Maddy E (2013) AIRS/AMSU/HSB version 6 data release user guide. NASA-JPL Tech Rep, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Pasadena
Perler D, Geiger A, Hurter F (2011) 4D GPS water vapor tomography: new parameterized approaches. J Geod 85(8):539–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0454-2
Rohm W (2013) The ground GNSS tomography – unconstrained approach. Adv Space Res 51(3):501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.09.021
Salgado R, Miranda PMA, Lacarrere P, Noilhan J (2015) Boundary layer development and summer circulation in Southern Portugal. Thetys 12:33–44. https://doi.org/10.3369/tethys.2015.12.03
Thayer GD (1974) An improved equation for the radio refractive index of air. Radio Sci 9(10):803–807. https://doi.org/10.1029/RS009i010p00803
Tregoning P, Herring TA (2006) Impact of a priori zenith hydrostatic delay errors on GPS estimates of station heights and zenith total delays. Geophys Res Lett 33(23). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027706
Zhang K, Manning T, Wu S, Rohm W, Silcock D, Choy S (2015) Capturing the signature of severe weather events in Australia using GPS measurements. IEEE J Sel Topics Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 8(4):1839–1847. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2406313
Acknowledgements
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), project UID/GEO/50019/2013 and project SMOG—Structure of Moist convection in high-resolution GNSS observations and models (PTDC/CTE-ATM/119922/2010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Benevides, P., Catalao, J., Nico, G. et al. 4D wet refractivity estimation in the atmosphere using GNSS tomography initialized by radiosonde and AIRS measurements: results from a 1-week intensive campaign. GPS Solut 22, 91 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0755-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0755-5