Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Skeletal and soft-tissue changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Odontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes are important in orthodontics, especially due to the increase of adult patients seeking treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the available evidence regarding age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes in untreated Angle Class I. Articles studying skeletal and soft-tissue changes in orthodontically untreated subjects with Angle Class I and comparing them between age groups were included. Studies focusing on a single age group or in languages other than English were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed with both the MINORS and ROBINS-I tools. 50 studies were included, showing high methodological heterogeneity and a lack of information in subjects over 60 years old. In subjects with Angle Class I, the mandibular plane inclination was reported to reduce from 7 and 20 years old, while the anterior and posterior facial height continue to increase in late adult life. The anterior cranial base length increases until 20 years old, afterwards decreasing slowly until late adulthood. Nasal width increases and the nasolabial angle decreases during adolescence. Upper lip length and lower lip length increase from 6 to 18 years along with retrusion of the lips in late adulthood. Age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes are documented in the literature from childhood until the fifth decade of life, but studies mostly focus on subjects until 20 years old. Changes after the second decade of life are studied only for the vertical and sagittal dimensions. No changes are reported in the transversal dimension beyond 15 years for neither skeletal nor soft tissues. Well-designed, long-term prospective cohort studies considering all three dimensions of skeletal and soft tissues are needed for confirmation of these findings (PROSPERO: CRD42020203206).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

References

  1. Shaw RB, Katzel EB, Koltz PF, Kahn DM, Girotto JA, Langstein HN. Aging of the mandible and its aesthetic implications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(1):332–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dager MM, McNamara JA, Baccetti T, Franchi L. Aging in the craniofacial complex. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(3):440–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Pecora NG, Baccetti T, McNamara JA. The aging craniofacial complex: a longitudinal cephalometric study from late adolescence to late adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(4):496–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. West KS, McNamara JA. Changes in the craniofacial complex from adolescence to midadulthood: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115(5):521–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Behrents RG, Harris EF, Vaden JL, Williams RA, Kemp DH. Relapse of orthodontic treatment results: growth as an etiologic factor. J Charles H Tweed Int Found. 1989;17:65–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bondevik O. Growth changes in the cranial base and the face: a longitudinal cephalometric study of linear and angular changes in adult norwegians. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17(6):525–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bishara SE, Treder JE, Jakobsen JR. Facial and dental changes in adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;106(2):175–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Perera PS. Rotational growth and incisor compensation. Angle Orthod. 1987;57(1):39–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Katsaros C. Masticatory muscle function and transverse dentofacial growth. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2001;151:1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kiliaridis S. Masticatory muscle function and craniofacial morphology. An experimental study in the growing rat fed a soft diet. Swed Dent J Suppl. 1986;36:1–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kiliaridis S. Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand. 1995;53(3):196–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ricketts RM. Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957;27(1):14–37.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Profitt W, Fields H, Sarver D. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rajbhoj AA, Parchake P, Begnoni G, Willems G, de Llano-Pérula MC. Dental changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic scoping review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;160(3):340–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Björk A. Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1969;55(6):585–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Beit P, Konstantonis D, Papagiannis A, Eliades T. Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition. Prog Orthod. 2017;18(1):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Garlington M, Logan LR. Vertical changes in high mandibular plane cases following enucleation of second premolars. Angle Orthod. 1990;60(4):263–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Krogstad O, Dahl BL. Dento-facial morphology in patients with advanced attrition. Eur J Orthod. 1985;7(1):57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Waltimo A, Nysträm M, Känänen M. Bite force and dentofacial morphology in men with severe dental attrition. Scand J Dent Res. 1994;102(2):92–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Subtelny JD. Malocclusions, orthodontic corrections and orofacial muscle adaptation. Angle Orthod. 1970;40(3):170–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Proffit WR. Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth. Angle Orthod. 1978;48(3):175–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thüer U, Sieber R, Ingervall B. Cheek and tongue pressures in the molar areas and the atmospheric pressure in the palatal vault in young adults. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21(3):299–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Uysal T, Baysal A, Yagci A, Sigler LM, McNamara JA. Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profiles of Turkish and European-American young adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34(3):296–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nanda RS, Meng H, Kapila S, Goorhuis J. Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile. Angle Orthod. 1990;60(3):177–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ajwa N, Alkhars FA, AlMubarak FH, Aldajani H, AlAli NM, Alhanabbi AH, et al. Correlation between sex and facial soft tissue characteristics among young Saudi patients with various orthodontic skeletal malocclusions. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26(e919771):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Perović T, Blažej Z. Male and female characteristics of facial soft tissue thickness in different orthodontic malocclusions evaluated by cephalometric radiography. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:3415–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pollock A, Berge E. How to do a systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(2):138–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pillastrini P, Vanti C, Curti S, Mattioli S, Ferrari S, Violante FS, et al. Using PubMed search strings for efficient retrieval of manual therapy research literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2015;38(2):159–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):200–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons; 2019.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D, Kwiatkowski F, Panis Y, Chipponi J. Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS ): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(9):712–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355(12):i4919.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. 2020. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. Accessed 24 Aug 2021.

  36. Wilairatana P, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, De Jesus MG, Kotepui M. Prevalence and risk of plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3998.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Snodell SF, Nanda RS, Currier GF. A longitudinal cephalometric study of transverse and vertical craniofacial growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104(5):471–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. El-Batouti A, Øgaard B, Bishara SE. Longitudinal cephalometric standards for Norwegians between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16(6):501–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bishara SE, Jorgensen GJ, Jakobsen JR. Changes in facial dimensions assessed from lateral and frontal photographs. Part II-results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108(5):489–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cortella S, Shofer FS, Ghafari J. Transverse development of the jaws: norms for the posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112(5):519–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR, Hession TJ, Treder JE. Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114(6):698–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR. Changes in overbite and face height from 5 to 45 years of age in normal subjects. Angle Orthod. 1998;68(3):209–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gormely JS, Richardson ME. Linear and angular changes in dento-facial dimensions in the third decade. Br J Orthod. 1999;26(1):51–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Franchi L, Baccetti T, McNamara JA. Thin-plate spline analysis of mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 2001;71(2):83–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chung C-H, Mongiovi VD. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal class I subjects with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(6):670–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lux CJ, Conradt C, Burden D, Komposch G. Three-dimensional analysis of maxillary and mandibular growth increments. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004;41(3):304–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Björk A, Skieller V. Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. Br J Orthod. 1977;4(2):53–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lux CJ, Conradt C, Burden D, Komposch G. Transverse development of the craniofacial skeleton and dentition between 7 and 15 years of age - a longitudinal postero-anterior cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26(1):31–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Karlsen AT. Association between vertical development of the cervical spine and the face in subjects with varying vertical facial patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125(5):597–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Thilander B, Persson M, Adolfsson U. Roentgen-cephalometric standards for a Swedish population. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27(4):370–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Thordarson A, Johannsdottir B, Magnusson TE. Craniofacial changes in Icelandic children between 6 and 16 years of age – a longitudinal study. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28(2):152–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hesby RM, Marshall SD, Dawson DV, Southard KA, Casko JS, Franciscus RG, et al. Transverse skeletal and dentoalveolar changes during growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(6):721–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Duthie J, Bharwani D, Tallents RH, Bellohusen R, Fishman L. A longitudinal study of normal asymmetric mandibular growth and its relationship to skeletal maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(2):179–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Marshall SD, Low LE, Holton NE, Franciscus RG, Frazier M, Qian F, et al. Chin development as a result of differential jaw growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4):456–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Alió-Sanz J, Iglesias-Conde C, Pernía JL, Iglesias-Linares A, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Solano-Reina E. Retrospective study of maxilla growth in a Spanish population sample. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(2):e271–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. de Castrillon FS, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Grabowski R, Klink-Heckmann U, McNamara JA. Lateral cephalometric standards of Germans with normal occlusion from 6 to 17 years of age. J Orofac Orthop. 2013;74(3):236–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Bergman RT, Waschak J, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Murphy NC. Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(1):48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jamison JE, Bishara SE, Peterson LC, DeKock WH, Kremenak CR. Longitudinal changes in the maxilla and the maxillary-mandibular relationship between 8 and 17 years of age. Am J Orthod. 1982;82(3):217–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Primozic J, Perinetti G, Contardo L, Ovsenik M. Facial soft tissue changes during the pre-pubertal and pubertal growth phase: a mixed longitudinal laser-scanning study. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(1):52–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Stern S, Finke H, Strosinski M, Mueller-Hagedorn S, McNamara JA, Stahl F. Longitudinal changes in the dental arches and soft tissue profile of untreated subjects with normal occlusion. J Orofac Orthop. 2020;81(3):192–208.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Domitti SS, Daruge E, da Cruz VF. Variability of the nasion-subnasal, subnasalgnathion, and bizygomatic distances of individuals of 6, 7, 11, and 15 years of age and their importance in the determination of the vertical dimension. Aust Dent J. 1976;21(3):269–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bishara SE, Peterson LC, Bishara EC. Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25 years. Am J Orthod. 1984;85(3):238–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sinclair PM, Little RM. Dentofacial maturation of untreated normals. Am J Orthod. 1985;88(2):146–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mamandras AH. Linear changes of the maxillary and mandibular lips. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94(5):405–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ghafari J, Brin I, Kelley MB. Mandibular rotation and lower face height indicators. Angle Orthod. 1989;59(1):31–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ursi WJ, Trotman CA, McNamara JA, Behrents RG. Sexual dimorphism in normal craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 1993;63(1):47–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Foley TF, Mamandras AH. Facial growth in females 14 to 20 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101(3):248–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chang HP, Kinoshita Z, Kawamoto T. A study of the growth changes in facial configuration. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15(6):493–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ishikawa H, Nakamura S, Iwasaki H, Kitazawa S. Seven parameters describing anteroposterior jaw relationships: postpubertal prediction accuracy and interchangeability. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117(6):714–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hamamci N, Arslan SG, Ahin S. Longitudinal profile changes in an Anatolian Turkish population. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32(2):199–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Chen L-L, Xu T-M, Jiang J-H, Zhang X-Z, Lin J-X. Longitudinal changes in mandibular arch posterior space in adolescents with normal occlusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(2):187–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chen L, Liu J, Xu T, Lin J. Longitudinal study of relative growth rates of the maxilla and the mandible according to quantitative cervical vertebral maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(6):736e1-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Bae E-J, Kwon H-J, Kwon O-W. Changes in longitudinal craniofacial growth in subjects with normal occlusions using the Ricketts analysis. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44(2):77–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Murakami D, Inada E, Saitoh I, Takemoto Y, Morizono K, Kubota N, et al. Morphological differences of facial soft tissue contours from child to adult of Japanese males: a three-dimensional cross-sectional study. Arch Oral Biol. 2014;59(12):1391–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Saǧlam AMŞ, Gazilerh Ü. Analysis of holdaway soft-tissue measurements in children between 9 and 12 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(3):287–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Tsai H-H. A study of growth changes in the mandible from deciduous to permanent dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003;27(2):137–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tsai HH. Panoramic radiographic findings of the mandibular growth from deciduous dentition to early permanent dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2002;26(3):279–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Yavuz I, Ikbal A, Baydaş B, Ceylan I. Longitudinal posteroanterior changes in transverse and vertical craniofacial structures between 10 and 14 years of age. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(5):624–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Arat ZM, Rübendüz M. Changes in dentoalveolar and facial heights during early and late growth periods: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(1):69–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Jiang J, Xu T, Lin J, Harris EF. Proportional analysis of longitudinal craniofacial growth using modified mesh diagrams. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(5):794–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Chen L, Lin J, Xu T, Long X. The longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to quantitative cervical vertebral maturation. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2009;29(2):251–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Isiekwe GI, Dacosta OO, Utomi IL, Sanu OO. Holdaway’s analysis of the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(4):548–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Al-Jewair TS, Preston CB, Flores-Mir C, Ziarnowski P. Correlation between craniofacial growth and upper and lower body heights in subjects with class I occlusion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2018;23(2):37–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Huang WJ, Taylor RW, Dasanayake AP. Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham. Angle Orthod. 1998;68(6):503–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Forsberg CM, Eliasson S, Westergren H. Face height and tooth eruption in adults–a 20-year follow-up investigation. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13(4):249–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Behrents RG. Growth in the aging craniofacial skeleton. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan. 1985. Report No.: 17.

  87. Ranly DM. Craniofacial growth. Dent Clin North Am. 2000;44(3):457–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Malta LA, Ortolani CF, Faltin K. Quantification of cranial base growth during pubertal growth. J Orthod. 2009;36(4):229–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Afrand M, Ling CP, Khosrotehrani S, Flores-Mir C, Lagravère-Vich MO. Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146(1):21–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Currie K, Sawchuk D, Saltaji H, Oh H, Flores-Mir C, Lagravere M. Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(6):897–910.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Inoue M, Ono T, Kameo Y, Sasaki F, Ono T, Adachi T, et al. Forceful mastication activates osteocytes and builds a stout jawbone. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Kim H, Lee M, Park SY, Kim YM, Han J, Kim E. Age-related changes in lip morphological and physiological characteristics in Korean women. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(3):277–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Isaacson JR, Isaacson RJ, Speidel TM, Worms FW. Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. Angle Orthod. 1971;41(3):219–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Han A-R, Kim J, Yang I-H. Relationship between vertical components of maxillary molar and craniofacial frame in normal occlusion: cephalometric calibration on the vertical axis of coordinates. Korean J Orthod. 2021;51(1):15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Badiee M, Ebadifar A, Sajedi S. Mesiodistal angulation of posterior teeth in orthodontic patients with different facial growth patterns. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2019;13(4):267–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Picton DCA, Moss JP. The effect on approximal drift of altering the horizontal component of biting force in adult monkeys (Macaca irus). Arch Oral Biol. 1980;25(1):45–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. van Beek H, Fidler VJ. An experimental study of the effect of functional occlusion on mesial tooth migration in macaque monkeys. Arch Oral Biol. 1977;22(4):269–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. van Beek H. The transfer of mesial drift potential along the dental arch in Macaca irus: an experimental study of tooth migration rate related to the horizontal vectors of occlusal forces. Eur J Orthod. 1979;1(2):125–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Leung MY, Lo J, Leung YY. Accuracy of different modalities to record natural head position in 3 dimensions: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(11):2261–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Claes P, Liberton DK, Daniels K, Rosana KM, Quillen EE, Pearson LN, et al. Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(3):e1004224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Claes P, Walters M, Shriver MD, Puts D, Gibson G, Clement J, et al. Sexual dimorphism in multiple aspects of 3D facial symmetry and asymmetry defined by spatially dense geometric morphometrics. J Anat. 2012;221(2):97–114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Lekakis G, Claes P, Hamilton GS, Hellings PW. Three-dimensional surface imaging and the continuous evolution of preoperative and postoperative assessment in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg. 2016;32(1):88–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Lewyllie A, Roosenboom J, Indencleef K, Claes P, Swillen A, Devriendt K, et al. A comprehensive craniofacial study of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Dent Res. 2017;96(12):1386–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Matthews H, Penington T, Saey I, Halliday J, Muggli E, Claes P. Spatially dense morphometrics of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in 1-year-olds. J Anat. 2016;229(4):549–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Yoon SS, Chung CH. Comparison of craniofacial growth of untreated class I and class II girls from ages 9 to 18 years: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(2):190–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Desire Collen Learning Centre, the library of the Group of Biomedical Sciences of KU Leuven University, Belgium.

Funding

No funding was received for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium

    Amit Arvind Rajbhoj, Marie Stroo, Giacomo Begnoni, Guy Willems & María Cadenas de Llano-Pérula

Authors
  1. Amit Arvind Rajbhoj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marie Stroo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giacomo Begnoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guy Willems
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. María Cadenas de Llano-Pérula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AAR contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data duration, investigation, resources, original draft preparation, and manuscript review and editing; MS contributed to data curation, formal analysis, and investigation; GB contributed to visualization and manuscript review and editing; GW contributed to supervision and manuscript review and editing; MCDLP contributed to supervision, conceptualization, and manuscript review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit Arvind Rajbhoj.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 223 KB)

Supplementary file2 (PDF 48 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajbhoj, A.A., Stroo, M., Begnoni, G. et al. Skeletal and soft-tissue changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic review. Odontology 111, 263–309 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-022-00757-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-022-00757-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation