Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of a calcium chloride solution treatment on physical and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Odontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper details a novel method to improve wear resistance of dental glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution treatment on surface hardness, surface roughness, compressive strength, water sorption and solubility of three conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs). Additionally, the changes of the Ca composition and morphology of the surface of the tested GICs were also investigated. The experimental groups of the study were: Group 1 (control) specimens after mixing were left in the mold to set without any treatment for 5 min; Group 2 specimens were left in the mold to set for 5 min and then each specimen was immersed in 10 ml of 42.7 wt% CaCl2 solution for 60 s. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (a = 0.05). Calcium chloride solution treatment increased surface hardness of the GICs compared to control groups (P < 0.05), while surface roughness and compressive strength did not change after the treatment (P > 0.05). Reduction in water sorption and solubility was detected but not in all CaCl2 solution-treatment groups. No alterations were observed in surface morphology of the GICs, while surface calcium composition was increased after the treatment (P < 0.05). The use of a CaCl2 solution immediately after initial setting of GICs may be advantageous for some properties of the materials and possibly leads to improved prognosis and wear resistance of their restorations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dionysopoulos D, Koliniotou-Koumpia E, Helvatzoglou-Antoniades M, Kotsanos N. Fluoride release and recharge ability of contemporary fluoride-containing restorative materials and dental adhesives. Dent Mater J. 2013;32:296–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tamilselvam S, Divyanand MJ, Neelakantan P. Biocompatibility of a conventional glass ionomer, ceramic reinforced glass ionomer, giomer and resin composite to fibroblasts: in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013;37:403–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Nicholson JW. Adhesion of glass ionomer cements to teeth: a review. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2016;69:33–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yan Z, Sidhu SK, Carrick TE, McCabe JF. Response to thermal stimuli of glass ionomer cements. Dent Mater. 2007;23:597–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gu S, Rasimick BJ, Deutsch AS, Musikant BL. In vitro evaluation of five core materials. J Prosthodont. 2007;16:25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kleverlaan CJ, van Duinen RNB, Feilzer AJ. Mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements affected by curing methods. Dent Mater. 2004;20:45–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. de Gee AJ, van Duinen RN, Werner A, Davidson CL. Early and long-term wear of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1613–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ilie N, Hickel R, Valceanu AS, Huth KC. Fracture toughness of dental restorative materials. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:489–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Peutzfeldt A, García-Godoy F, Asmussen E. Surface hardness and wear of glass ionomers and compomers. Am J Dent. 1997;10:15–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bonifácio CC, Kleverlaan CJ, Raggio DP, Werner A, de Carvalho RC, van Amerongen WE. Physical-mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements indicated for atraumatic restorative treatment. Aust Dent J. 2009;54:233–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Silva RM, Santos PHN, Souza LB, Dumont VC, Soares JA, Santos MH. Effects of cellulose fibers on the physical and chemical properties of glass ionomer dental restorative materials. Mater Res Bull. 2013;48:118–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan AS, Zohaib S, Marti JMN, et al. Modifications in glass ionomer cements: nano-sized fillers and bioactive nanoceramics. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tolidis K, Dionysopoulos D, Gerasimou P, Sfeikos T. Effect of radiant heat and ultrasound on fluoride release and surface hardness of glass ionomer cements. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2016;14:e463–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gavic L, Gorseta K, Glavina D, Czarnecka B, Nicholson JW. Heat transfer properties and thermal cure of glass-ionomer dental cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2015;26:249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Menne-Happ U, Ilie N. Effect of heat application on the mechanical behaviour of glass ionomer cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18:643–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dionysopoulos D, Tolidis K, Strakas D, Gerasimou P, Sfeikos T, Gutknecht N. Effect of radiant heat on conventional glass ionomer cements during setting by using a blue light diode laser system (445 nm). Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32:703–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dehurtevent M, Deveaux E, Hornez JC, Robberecht L, Tabary N, Chai F. Influence of heat and ultrasonic treatments on the setting and maturation of a glass-ionomer cement. Am J Dent. 2015;28:105–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Towler MR, Bushby AJ, Billington RW, Hill RG. A preliminary comparison of the mechanical properties of chemically cured and ultrasonically cured glass ionomer cements, using nano-indentation techniques. Biomaterials. 2001;22:1401–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shiozawa M, Takahashi H, Iwasaki N, Wada T, Uo M. Effect of immersion time of restorative glass ionomer cements and immersion duration in calcium chloride solution on surface hardness. Dent Mater. 2014;30:e377–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Shiozawa M, Takahashi H, Iwasaki N, Uo M. Effect of calcium chloride solution immersion on surface hardness of restorative glass ionomer cements. Dent Mater J. 2013;32:828–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dionysopoulos D, Tolidis K, Gerasimou P, Sfeikos T. Effect of three clinical curing treatments on fluoride release and surface hardness of glass ionomer cements. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent. 2017;37:e197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Musanje L, Shu M, Darvell B. Water sorption and mechanical behaviour of cosmetic direct restorative materials in artificial saliva. Dent Mater. 2001;17:394–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Leach R. In: Characterisation of areal surface texture. Chapter: The areal field parameters. Springer, p. 15–43.

  24. Dionysopoulos D, Tolidis K, Sfeikos T, Karanasiou C, Parisi X. Evaluation of surface microhardness and abrasion resistance of two dental glass ionomer cements after radiant heat treatment. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2017 Article ID: 5824562.

  25. Heintze SD, Zellweger G, Zappini G. The relationship between physical parameters and wear of dental composites. Wear. 2007;263:1138–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nicholson JW, McKenzie MA, Goodridge R, Wilson AD. Variations in the compressive strength of dental cements stored in ionic or acidic solutions. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;12:647–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Nicholson JW. Studies in the setting of polyelectrolyte cements: part VII. The effect of divalent metal chlorides on the properties of zinc polycarboxylate and glass-ionomer dental cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1998;9:273–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nicholson JW, Wilson AD. The effect of storage in aqueous solutions on glass-ionomer and zinc polycarboxylate dental cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2000;11:357–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zankuli MA, Delvin H, Silikas N. Water sorption and solubility of core built-up materials. Dent Mater. 2014;30:e324–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Martin N, Jedynakiewicz N. Measurement of water sorption in dental composites. Biomaterials. 1998;19:77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Calvo AFB, Kicuti A, Tedesco TK, Braga MM, Raggio DP. Evaluation of the relationship between the cost and properties of glass ionomer cements indicated for atraumatic restorative treatment. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30:e8.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nicholson JW, Czarnecka B. Kinetic studies of water uptake and loss in glass-ionomer cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:1723–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dowling AH, Fleming GJP, McGinley L, Addison O. Improving the standard of the standard for glass ionomers: an alternative to the compressive fracture strength test for consideration? J Dent. 2012;40:189–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Chai J, Takahashi Y, Hisama K, Shimizu H. Water sorption and dimensional stability of three glass fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Prosthodont. 2004;17:195–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Eleni Pavlidou, Associate Professor at the Solid State Physics Division, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and Stavros Oikonomidis for their help with SEM observations and EDS analysis of specimens for the purposes of this study. In addition, the authors acknowledge with thanks Dr. Alexandros Nikolaidis for his technical support in compressive strength and surface roughness measurements, which were implemented at the Department of Basic Dental Sciences, Division of Dental Tissues Pathology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Kosmas Tolidis, Paris Gerasimou & Thrasyvoulos Sfeikos

  2. Department of Fixed Prostheses and Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dimitrios Tortopidis

Authors
  1. Dimitrios Dionysopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kosmas Tolidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dimitrios Tortopidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paris Gerasimou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Thrasyvoulos Sfeikos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dimitrios Dionysopoulos.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

There are no human participants or animal in this study

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dionysopoulos, D., Tolidis, K., Tortopidis, D. et al. Effect of a calcium chloride solution treatment on physical and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements. Odontology 106, 429–438 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-018-0338-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-018-0338-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation