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Embryology of Biebersteinia (Biebersteiniaceae, Sapindales): characteristics and comparisons with related families

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Abstract

Biebersteinia, a perennial herb of five species distributed from Greece to Central Asia, was long considered to be placed in, or near Geraniaceae. Recent molecular analyses, however, have shown that the genus is the sole member of the family Biebersteiniaceae in Sapindales (not including Geraniaceae). Here, we report the embryological features of Biebersteinia and provide embryological corroboration for the molecular sapindalean affinities of the genus. We compared its embryology with those of eight other families of Sapindales, as well as with those of the related orders Huerteales, Malvales, and Brassicales. Overall comparisons showed that Biebersteinia fits in Sapindales because of the presence of anther tapetal cells with polyploid nuclear mass and non-fibrous exotegmen. Further, the genus is characterized by three-celled pollen grains, tetrasporic 16-nucleate Penaea-type female gametophyte, unitegmic ovules, pseudoporogamy, and the chalaza shifting its position near the concave side in the post-fertilization stage. A considerable number of autapomorphies, combined with the lack of synapomorphies with other sapindalean families, supports placing Biebersteinia in its own family. Biebersteiniaceae appear to represent an early divergent lineage of Sapindales. Previous descriptions of seed coats, which were considered to have developed from “bitegmic” ovules, were revised.

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  1. Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Takenori Yamamoto & Hiroshi Tobe

  2. 24 Issiodou St, 10674, Athens, Greece

    Dionyssios D. Vassiliades

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Appendix 1. Selected sources of data on embryological features for individual families of Sapindales

Appendix 1. Selected sources of data on embryological features for individual families of Sapindales

Anacardiaceae: Bachelier and Endress (2007, 2009), Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli (2005), Copeland (1955, 1959, 1961), Copeland and Doyel (1940), Corner (1976), Grimm (1912), Grundwag (1976), Grundwag and Fahn (1969) Kelkar (1958a, b, 1961), Martínez-Pallé and Herrero (1995), Robbertse et al. (1986), Shuraki and Sedgley (1997), Srinivasachar (1940), von Teichman (1988, 1991), von Teichman and van Wyk (1988); Biebersteiniaeae: Boesewinkel (1997), Corner (1976), Kamelina and Konnova (1990); Burseraceae: Bachelier and Endress (2009), Corner (1976), Wiger (1935); Kirkiacee: Bachelier and Endress (2008); Meliaceae: Boesewinkel (1981), Corner (1976), Garudamma (1956, 1957), Ghosh (1966a, b), Nair (1958, 1959a, b), Nair and Kanta (1961), Narayana (1958), Prakash et al. (1977), Wiger (1935); Nitrariaceae: Kamelina (1994), Kapil and Ahluwalia (1963), Li and Fang (2011), Li and Tu (1990a, b, 1991a, b); Rutaceae: Bacchi (1943), Banerji (1954), Boesewinkel (1977, 1978; 1984), Boesewinkel and Bouman (1978), Corner (1976), Desai (1962), Johri and Ahuja (1957), Mauritzon (1935, 1936), Narayana (1963); Sapindaceae: Banerji and Chaudhuri (1944), Corner (1976), David (1938), Guérin (1901), Haskell and Postlethwait (1971), Khushalani (1963), List and Steward (1965), Mauritzon (1936), Nair and Joseph (1960), Netolitzky (1926), van der Pijl (1957), Tobe and Peng (1990), Weckerle and Rutishauser (2003, 2005), Zhou and Liu (2012); Simaroubaceae: Corner (1976), Nair and Joseph (1957), Nair and Sukumaran (1960), Narayana (1957), Pfeiffer (1912), Tobe (2011), Wiger (1935).

We are grateful to Peter H. Raven, Yang Zhong, Hongya Gu, Yang Zhong, Li-Jia Qu, David Boufford, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Christopher Davidson, and Kaka Saman for their assistance in getting materials and information used for the present study. The study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (No. 25440208).

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Yamamoto, T., Vassiliades, D.D. & Tobe, H. Embryology of Biebersteinia (Biebersteiniaceae, Sapindales): characteristics and comparisons with related families. J Plant Res 127, 599–615 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0645-z

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