Abstract
The Yellow River is well known for high concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), which is one of the most important SPM sources in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China. The mechanisms of long-distance transport and deposition of the Yellow River sediment discharges are hot topics. Based on field observations in four different seasons of 2010–2011 and 15 numerical experiments, this work studied the seasonal sediment transportation and deposition in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Results show that the horizontal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea is neither closely related to the Yellow River discharge in flood and dry seasons nor to the temperature and salinity distributions in winter and summer because most of the Yellow River-discharged sediments deposited near the river mouth. However, the winter northerly wind events, especially the winter storm events with high waves, are the major factors inducing the long-distance transport of the sediments from the Bohai Sea to the Yellow Sea. The net SPMs are transported to the Yellow Sea from the Bohai Sea in both winter and summer. The net SPM flux at the Bohai Strait is 14.0 Mt/year by the combined effects of tides, wind, and waves. The SPM is transported to the Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea for the generation of the mud wedge off the peninsula. The northern part of the mud wedge is related to the southerly wind in summer, and the southeastern part resulted from the winter northerly wind, especially the strong wind.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander CR, DeMaster DJ, Nittrouer CA (1991) Sediment accumulation in a modern epicontinental-shelf setting: the Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 98(1):51–72
Bornhold DB, Yang ZS, Keller GH, Prior DB (1986) Sedimentary framework of the modern Huanghe (Yellow-River) Delta. Geo-Mar Letts 6(2):77–83
Chen QQ, Zhu YR (2012) Holocene evolution of bottom sediment distribution on the continental shelves of the Bohai Sea. Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Sediment Geol 273(15):58–72
Chen XH, Li TG, Zhang XH, Li RH (2013) A Holocene Yalu River-derived fine-grained deposit in the southeast coastal area of the Liaodong Peninsula. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 31(3):636–647
DHI (2012a) MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM. Hydrodynamic and transport module scientific documentation, Release 2012, (D.H.I). Dissertation, Danish Hydraulic Institute
DHI (2012b) MIKE 21 Spectral Wave Module. User guide and scientific documentation, release 2012, (D.H.I). Danish Hydraulic Institute
DHI (2012c) MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM. Mud transport module scientific documentation, Release 2012, (D.H.I). Danish Hydraulic Institute
Ding YF, Pan SM (2008) Analysis on the evolutionary characteristics of annual runoff and sediment flux distribution of the Yellow River. B Mar Sci 27(3):49–56
Ekebjærg L, Justesen P (1991) An explicit scheme for advection–diffusion modelling in two dimensions. Comp Meth App Mech Eng 88(3):287–297
Fredsoe J (1984) Turbulent boundary layer in wave-current motion. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 110(8):1103–1120
Gao F (2013) The formation and its mechanism of the muddy area in the central South Yellow Sea due to the effect of winter wind-driven circulation. Dissertation, Ocean University of China (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hasselmann K, Barnett TP, Bouws E et al (1973) Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deut Hydrogr Z 8:1–95
Jacobs GA, Hur HB, Riedlinger SK (2000) Yellow and East China Seas response to winds and currents. J Geophys Res 105:21947–21968
Komen GJ, Cavaleri L, Donelan M, Hasselmann K, Hasselmann S, PAEM Janssen (1994) Dynamics and modeling of ocean waves. Cambridge University Press, p 532
Krone RB (1962) Flume studies of the transport of sediment in estuarial processes. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory and Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory. Univ. Of California, Berkeley
Leonard BP (1979) A stable and accurate convective modelling procedure based on quadratic upstream interpolation. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 19(1):59–98
Leonard BP (1991) The ultimate conservative differential scheme applied to unsteady one- dimensional advection. Compu Methods Appl Mech Eng 88(1):17–74
Li GX, Tang ZS, Yue SH et al (2001) Sedimentation in the shear front off the Yellow River mouth. Cont Shelf Res 21(6–7):607–625
Li P, Li GX, Qiao LL et al (2014) Modelling the tidal dynamic changes induced by the bridge in Jiaozhou Bay. Cont Shelf Res 84:43–53
Li AC, Qiao LL, Wan XQ, Ma WW (2015a) Suspended particulate matter distribution, flux and their seasonal variations in the Bohai Strait. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica. In press (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li JC, Li GX, Qiao LL, Dong P, Ding D, Liu SD, Sun PK (2015b) Seasonal suspended particles distribution patterns in Western South Yellow Sea based on acoustic Doppler current profiler observation. J Ocean U China 4(3):385–398. doi:10.1007/s11802-015-2762-2
Liu JP, Li AC, Xu KH, Velozzi DM, Yang ZS, Milliman JD, DeMaster DJ (2002) The Shandong mud wedge and post-glacial sediment accumulation in the Yellow Sea. GeoMar Letts 21(4):212–218
Liu JP, Milliman JD, Gao S, Cheng P (2004) Holocene development of the Yellow River subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 209(1–4):45–67
Liu J, Saito Y, Wang H, Yang Z, Nakashima R (2007) Sedimentary evolution of the Holocene subaqueous clinoform off the Shandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 236(3–4):165–187
Lu J, Qiao FL, Wang XH, Wang YG (2011) A numerical study of transport dynamics and seasonal variability of the Yellow River sediment in the Bohai and Yellow seas. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 95(1):39–51
Lumborg U (2005) Modelling the deposition, erosion, and flux of cohesive sediment through Øresund. J Mar Syst 56:179–193
Manning AJ, Dyer KR (1999) A laboratory examination of floc characteristics with regard to turbulent shearing. Mar Geol 160(1–2):147–170
Martin JM, Zhang J, Shi MC, Zhou Q (1993) Actual flux of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment to the western Pacific Ocean. J Sea Res 31(93):243–254
Mehta AJ, Partheniades E (1975) An investigation of the depositional properties of flocculated fine sediments. J Hydraul Res 13(4):361–381
Milliman JD, Qin YS, Ren ME, Saito Y (1987) Man’s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian Rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example. J Geol 95(6):751–762
Pang CG, Bai XZ, Hu DX (2004) The transport and sedimentation of suspended matter and their seasonal variation are affected by circulation and tide current in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Studia Marina Sinica 46:32–41 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Parchure TM, Mehta AJ (1985) Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits. J Hydraul Eng–ASCE 111(10):1308–1326
Partheniades E (1965) Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils. J Hydrau Div Proc, ASCE 91:105–139
Qiao LL (2008) Circulation and sediments transport due winter storms in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. J Ocean U China, Doctor Thesis. 113 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Qin YS, Li F (1983) Study of influence of sediment loads discharged from the Huanghe River on sedimentation in the Bohai Sea and the Huanghai Sea. In: L. Yuru (Editor), Proc. international symposium on sedimentation on the continental shelf, with special reference to the East China Sea, 1983, Hangzhou. China Ocean Press, Beijing, distributed Springer-Verlag except in PR China, pp 83–92 (in Chinese)
Qin YS, Zhao YY, Zhao SL et al (1985) The Bohai sea geology. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Saito Y, Yang ZS, Hori K (2001) The Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) deltas: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene. Geomorphology 41(2–3):219–231
Smagorinsky J (1963) General circulation experiment with the primitive equations: the basic experiment. Mon Weather Rev 91(3):91–152
Teague WJ, Jacobs GA (2000) Current observations on the development of the Yellow Sea Warm Current. J Geophys Res 105(C2):3401–3411
Wang ZH (1986) Application of tide in the coastal areas of China. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Wang HL, Li GS (2009) Numerical simulation on seasonal transportation of suspended sediment from Huanghe (Yellow) river to Bohai Sea. Oceanol Limnol Sin 40(2):129–137
Wang YZ, Qiao LL, Yang ZS, Bao XW, Zhao MX, Wang GS (2013) Suspended sediment transport and deposition due to strong regional shear current front: an example from the shelf waters off eastern Shandong Peninsula. Acta Sedimentol Sin 31(3):486–496 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang N, Li GX, Xu JS et al (2015) The Marine dynamics and changing trend off the modern Yellow River Mouth. J Ocean Univ China 14:433–445
Whitehouse R, Soulsby R, Roberts W et al (2000) Dynamics of estuarine muds. Thomas Telford, London
Xing F, Wang YP, Wang HV (2012) Tidal hydrodynamics and fine-grained sediment transport on the radial sand ridge system in the southern Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 291:192–210
Xu KH, Li AC, Liu JP, Milliman JD, Yang ZS, Liu CS, Kao SJ, Wan SM, Xu FJ (2012) Provenance, structure, and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea: a synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system. Mar Geol 291–294:176–191. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.06.003
Yang ZS, Liu JP (2007) A unique Yellow River derived distal subaqueous delta in the Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 240(1–4):169–176
Young IR (1999) Wind generated ocean waves. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Acknowledgments
This study is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41476030 and 40906025), the Shandong Natural Science Fund “Seasonal variation and mechanism of suspended sediments in the Shandong Peninsula coastal area (BS2012HZ022),” and the Marine Geology Protection Projects Basic Research Program (GZH201100203).” We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading and helpful comments, thanks to the oceanic data center for the data support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Xiao Hua Wang
This article is part of the Topical Collection on the 7th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO) in Canberra, Australia 1–5 June 2015
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qiao, L., Zhong, Y., Wang, N. et al. Seasonal transportation and deposition of the suspended sediments in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and the related mechanisms. Ocean Dynamics 66, 751–766 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0950-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0950-2