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Theoretical and Simulation Investigations of Water Inrushes Due to Fault Activation by Mining

Theoretische und simulative Untersuchungen von Wassereinbrüchen aufgrund von Störungsaktivierungen durch Bergbautätigkeiten

Investigaciones teóricas y de simulación de las irrupciones de agua debidas a la activación de fallas por la minería

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Abstract

The occurrence of water inrush accidents in most mines is related to geological structures, especially faults. The influence of mining and confined water on floor fault activation and aquitard stability was analyzed theoretically using mechanical models to study the mechanism of water inrushes caused by mining above confined water under a fault structure. In addition, the stress distribution and seepage characteristics of the floor during mining were simulated and studied by COMSOL Multiphysics. We found that a fault is easier to activate when its dip angle is closer to 45° plus half of the fault’s internal friction angle. Fault activation becomes more likely with decreased fault cohesion, friction angle, and minimal principal stress. The instability and failure of the key aquitard occur when: the maximum failure depth of the floor exceeds the distance to the aquitard, and the actual confined water pressure exceeds the critical water inrush pressure. A water inrush point occurred at the floor of the working face 35 m from the fault during mining, where the peak seepage velocity reached 0.22 m/s. The seepage velocity within the fault positively correlated with the initial confined water pressure. This study provides a criterion for fault activation and aquitard failure and improves our ability to predict fault-induced mine water inrushes.

Zusammenfassung

Wassereinbrüche in Bergwerke treten meist im Zusammenhang mit der Aktivierung von geologischen Strukturen, insbesondere an Verwerfungen im Bergbauumfeld auf. Um den Mechanismus von Wassereinbrüchen zu untersuchen, welche bergbaubedingt unterhalb von Verwerfungsstrukturen verursacht werden, wurde der Einfluss von Störungssystemen und Grundwasservorkommen auf die Aktivierung von Verwerfungen untersucht und die Stabilität der wasserundurchlässigen Sperrschichten im Untergrund analysiert. Dabei wurden mechanische Modelle verwendet. Darüber hinaus sind die Spannungsverteilung und die Sickereigenschaften des Untergrunds während der Bergbautätigkeiten mittels COMSOL Multiphysics simuliert und variiert worden. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass Störungen leichter zu aktivieren sind, wenn ihr Neigungswinkel nah an 45° plus der Hälfte des inneren Reibungswinkels der Verwerfungsstruktur liegt. Die Aktivierung des Störungssystems wird durch abnehmende Kohäsion, Reibungswinkel und minimale Hauptspannung der Verwerfungssystems ermöglicht. Als Gründe für die Instabilität und das Versagen der wasserundurchlässigen Schlüsselschichten sind anzunehmen, dass die maximale Versagenstiefe der Abbausohle den Abstand zu den wasserundurchlässigen Schichten übersteigt und der tatsächliche Druckspiegel des gespannten Grundwassers größer ist als der kritische Wassereinbruchsdruck. Es kommt zu Wassereinbrüchen während des Abbaus, wenn sich die Sohle der Ortsbrust in 35 m Entfernung zur Verwerfung befindet und die maximale Sickergeschwindigkeiten 0.22 m/s erreichen. Die Sickergeschwindigkeit innerhalb der Verwerfung verhält sich proportional zum Ausgangsdruck des gespannten Grundwassers. Diese Studie liefert Kriterien für die Aktivierung von Verwerfungen und zum Versagen wasserundurchlässiger Schichten. Die Ergebnisse führen zu einem besseren Verständnis zur Vorhersage von verwerfungsbedingten Wassereinbrüchen im Bergbau.

Resumen

La aparición de accidentes por irrupción de agua en la mayoría de las minas está relacionada con las estructuras geológicas del entorno minero y, especialmente, con las fallas. Para estudiar el mecanismo de los accidentes por irrupción de agua causados por la explotación minera sobre aguas confinadas bajo la estructura de fallas, se analizó teóricamente la influencia de la perturbación minera y del agua confinada en la activación de las fallas del suelo y en la estabilidad de la capa impermeable mediante el establecimiento de modelos mecánicos. Además, la distribución de tensiones y las características de infiltración del suelo en el proceso de minería se simularon y estudiaron mediante COMSOL Multiphysics. Se encontró que la falla es más fácil de activar cuando su ángulo de buzamiento es más cercano a 45° más la mitad del ángulo de fricción interna de la falla. La activación de la falla se hace más accesible con la disminución de la cohesión de la falla, el ángulo de fricción y la tensión principal mínima. Las razones para la inestabilidad y el fallo de la capa clave a prueba de agua son: la profundidad máxima de fallo del suelo excede la distancia a la capa a prueba de agua; la presión real del agua confinada es mayor que la presión crítica de entrada de agua. Se produjo un punto de irrupción de agua en el suelo del frente de trabajo a 35 m de la falla durante la explotación, donde la velocidad máxima de infiltración alcanzó los 0,22 m/s. La velocidad de infiltración dentro de la falla se correlaciona positivamente con la presión inicial del agua confinada. Este estudio proporciona un criterio para la activación de la falla, el fallo de la capa impermeable y proporciona una mejor comprensión para predecir las irrupciones de agua en la mina inducidas por la falla.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Li YH], upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 51874192), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant ZR2019MEE084), and the Open Fund of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation (Grant DZBZ2020-05).

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Correspondence to Yaohua Li.

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Liu, W., Li, Y. Theoretical and Simulation Investigations of Water Inrushes Due to Fault Activation by Mining. Mine Water Environ 42, 146–157 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-023-00912-y

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