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Analytical Approach to Estimate Salt Release from Tailings Sand Hummocks in Oil Sands Mine Closure

解析法评价油砂闭坑区尾矿砂堆的盐释放

Analytischer Ansatz zur Abschätzung der Salzfreisetzung aus Bergehalden bei der Schließung von Ölsandbergbauen

Aproximación analítica para estimar la liberación de sal de relaves de arenas en el cierre de una mina de arenas empetroladas

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Abstract

Integrated surface water and groundwater models are well suited for evaluating the long-term performance of oil sands mine closure landscapes to optimize reclamation designs that satisfy performance criteria. However, the scale of the problem makes it difficult to evaluate a large number of design alternatives using numerical models, while at the same time satisfying numerical criteria, such as the courant and peclet numbers. The problem becomes particularly challenging in the design of permeable sand tailings hummocks overlying relatively impermeable composite tailings, where vertical advective flushing of process-affected water through the tailings hummocks is coupled to lateral transport of diffusive release from the underlying composite tailings. We developed an analytical solution that rapidly estimates long-term mass loadings from the sand tailings without the challenges typically associated with numerical modelling. Advection and dispersion in the flushing zones, progressive diffusion into underlying low permeability layers, and purely diffusive release are all considered. A comparison of the analytical solutions to numerical simulations for a series of simple hypothetical cases demonstrated that the analytical solutions provide a reasonable simulation of the mass loadings from the reclaimed landscapes over the design life. Although the approach needs to be further verified and validated for more realistic complex mine reclamation conditions, the analytical framework provides a foundation for hydrologic analysis in mine reclamation and closure in the northern boreal environment.

抽象

地表水与地下水联合模型适于油砂矿闭坑复垦景观方案的长期运行效果评价,以优化复垦方案,达到闭坑复垦景观运行规范的要求。然而,尺度比例问题使数值模型难以评价更多设计方案,例如库朗数和佩克莱特数。在相对不透水复合尾矿底层上设计渗透性砂质尾矿堆层时,垂向穿过尾矿堆的冲刷水流将耦合下伏复合尾矿底层的侧向弥散释放过程,数值模拟方法遇更大挑战。我们建立一种快速估算砂质尾矿长期物质荷载的解析方法,避开了数值模型困难。该方法综合考虑了冲刷区对流和弥散作用、进入下伏低渗透层的渐进弥散过程和纯弥散释放现象。利用系列简单假设案例进行了数值法和解析法对比,结果表明:解析法能够合理计算复垦景观运行期质量荷载。虽然解析方法仍需要更多实际复杂复垦条件进一步检验和验证,但该方法已经为北方矿山闭坑和复垦工程的水文计算提供分析依据。

Zusammenfassung

Integrierte Grund- und Oberflächenwassermodellierungen sind für die Evaluierung des Langzeitverhaltens von Nachfolgelandschaften des Ölsandbergbaus und zur Optimierung der Rekultivierung entsprechend den Anforderungskriterien geeignet. Das Ausmaß der Fragestellung macht es jedoch schwierig eine große Zahl von Gestaltungsalternativen bei gleichzeitiger Erfüllung numerischer Kriterien wie der Courant- oder der Pecletzahl mit numerischen Modellen zu bewerten. Das Rekultivierungsdesign wird insbesondere dann zur Herausforderung wenn wasserdurchlässige Bergehalden relativ undurchlässige Mischberge überlagern. Die vertikale advektive Durchsickerung des prozessbeeinflussten Wassers durch die Bergehalden ist hierbei kombiniert mit schichtgebundenem (oder seitlichem, flächigem) Transport von diffusiv freigesetztem Wasser aus den darunterliegenden Mischbergen. Es wurde ein analytisches Lösungskonzept zur raschen Abschätzung der Langzeitmassenfrachten aus den sandigen Bergen entwickelt - ohne die bei der numerischen Modellierung üblicherweise auftretenden Herausforderungen. Advektion und Diffusion in den durchströmten Zonen, progressive Diffusion in darunterliegende Schichten mit geringer Durchlässigkeit und rein diffusive Freisetzungen werden zusammengefasst berücksichtigt. Ein Vergleich des analytischen Lösungskonzepts mit der numerischen Simulation für eine Reihe von einfachen hypothetischen Fällen belegt, dass die analytischen Lösungen eine brauchbare Simulation der Massenfrachten aus der Nachfolgelandschaft über den Betrachtungszeitraum ergeben. Obwohl der Lösungsansatz künftig noch für realistischere komplexe Rekultivierungsbedingungen zu verifizieren und zu bewerten ist, ergibt der analytische Ansatz eine Grundlage für die hydrogeologische Analyse bei der Schließung und Rekultivierung von Bergbauen unter borealen Klimabedingungen.

Resumen

Los modelos que integran agua superficial y subterránea son adecuadas para evaluar el comportamiento a largo plazo de los ambientes de cierre de minas de arenas empetroladas para optimizar el diseño de la recuperación que satisfaga los criterios de comportamiento. No obstante, la escala del problema hace difícil la evaluación de un gran número de alternativas de diseño usando modelos numéricos que satisfagan al mismo tiempo criterios numéricos como los números de Courant y Peclet. El problema es particularmente complejo en el diseño de grumos de relaves de arena permeables que están sobre relaves relativamente impermeables, donde el flujo vertical del agua afectada por el proceso a través de los relaves, se acopla al transporte lateral de la liberación difusiva de los relaves compuestos subyacentes. Desarrollamos una solución analítica que estima rápidamente las cargas masivas a largo plazo de los relaves de arena sin los desafíos típicamente asociados con el modelado numérico. Se consideraron la advección y la dispersión en las zonas de descarga, la difusión progresiva en las capas subyacentes de baja permeabilidad y la liberación puramente difusiva. Una comparación de las soluciones analíticas con las simulaciones numéricas para una serie de casos hipotéticos simples demostró que las soluciones analíticas proporcionan una simulación razonable de las cargas masivas de los ambientes recuperados a lo largo de la vida útil del diseño. Aunque la aproximación necesita ser posteriormente verificada y validada para condiciones más realistas, el marco analítico proporciona una base para el análisis hidrológico en la recuperación y el cierre de minas en el ambiente boreal del norte.

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Correspondence to Ranjeet M. Nagare.

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Nagare, R.M., Park, YJ. & Barbour, S.L. Analytical Approach to Estimate Salt Release from Tailings Sand Hummocks in Oil Sands Mine Closure. Mine Water Environ 37, 673–685 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0513-5

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