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Taxonomic revision of the genus Equulites Fowler 1904 (Acanthuriformes: Leiognathidae)

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Abstract

This study is a taxonomic review of the ponyfish genus Equulites Fowler 1904 (Leiognathidae), which is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: downward projecting mouth; small teeth forming a narrow band on jaws; a dark blotch on neither nape nor spinous dorsal fin; clearing of the guanine-lined gas bladder extending to the full length of the bladder, not restricted posteriorly, a triangular or trapezoid translucent patch ventrolaterally on body in males; dark vermiculation, broad oblong ring markings and/or short oblique lines on the dorsolateral body. Ten species are herein recognized: three species of the Equulites elongatus species group [Equulites aethopos Suzuki and Kimura 2017—restricted to the southern Red Sea; Equulites elongatus (Günther 1874)—Myanmar, Indonesia and northern Australia; Equulites popei (Whitley 1932)—the Red Sea, Mozambique, Oman, Gulf of Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Japan, Mediterranean by Lessepian migration]; Equulites berbis (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1835) (neotype designated herein)—widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, from the Red Sea and eastern coast of Africa to Indonesia, north to Japan, Mediterranean by Lessepian migration; Equulites laterofenestra (Sparks and Chakrabarty 2007)—Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and northern Australia; Equulites leuciscus (Günther 1860)—Seychelles, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, Taiwan, and Japan; Equulites macrolepis sp. nov. Suzuki, Osmany and Kimura—Pakistan and western coast of Thailand; Equulites oblongus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1835) (lectotype designated herein)—India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Timor Island, north to Japan; Equulites rivulatus (Temminck and Schlegel 1845)—China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan; Equulites ryukyuensis sp. nov. Kimura and Suzuki—restricted to Okinawa, Japan. Diagnoses and descriptions (except for the Equulites elongatus species group) are provided for each species. The taxonomical status of Equula lineolata Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1835 is discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We are deeply indebted to K. Mochizuki (CBM), M. S. Alavi‑Yeganeh (Dept. Mar. Biol. Tarbiat Modares Univ.), U. Satapoomin (Dept. Mar. Coastal Resources, Thailand), P. N. Psomadakis (FAO, UN), D. Golani (HUJ), T. Peristiwady (Indonesian Inst. Sci.), V. Q. Nguyen (Inst. Mar. Env. Recourses, Vietnam), H. B. Osmany (Mar. Fish. Dept. Karachi, Pakistan), L. A. Jawad (Mar. Sci. Fish. Center, Oman), Y. Sakurai (Okinawa Env. Res. Co., Ltd., Japan), M. A. Ghaffar and Y. G. Seah (Univ. Malaysia Terengganu), W. L. Campos (Univ. Philippines, Visayas), A. Arshad (Univ. Putra Malaysia), and P. V. Dunlap (Univ. Michigan) for donation of specimens to FRLM; to H. Motomura (KAUM), A. Palandacic and A. Naseka (NMW), J. Johnson (QM), T. Yoshino (URM) and H. Hata and S. Raredon (USNM) for their photographing and measurements of type specimens. We express sincere gratitude to T. Yamashita, T. Ito and R. Ishikawa (former students of FRLM) for counting and measurements of the comparative materials; to A. C. Gill (MAMU, AMS) and A. Nonaka (USNM) for their critical comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript and their great help with the English; to V. Q. Nguyen, T. Peristiwady, U. Satapoomin, M. A. Ghaffar, A. Arshad, Y. G. Seah, officers and crew of T/V Seisui-maru (Mie Univ., Japan), and students of FRLM for their cooperation in field collections; to K. Kon (Univ. Ryukyus), K. Kuriiwa (NSMT), S. N. Chiba (Japan Fish. Res. Edu Agency), D. Sasaki (Mie Pref. Gov., Japan) and K. Kawamura (Mie Univ., Japan) for their great help with molecular analyses; and to I. Kobayashi and staff of Life Science Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics (Mie Univ., Japan) for nucleotide sequences. We are most grateful to the following persons and institutions for specimen loans and/or their great help for the second author’s visit: R. Arrindell (AMNH); M. Sabaj (ANSP); J. Maclaine and O. Crimmen (BMNH); D. Catania and M. Hoang (CAS); A. Graham (CSIRO); D. Golani (HUJ); H. Motomura (KAUM); G. Duhamel, P. Pruvost, R. Causse and Z. H. Gabsi (MNHN); Y. Iwatsuki (MUFS); E. Mikschi and H. Wellendorf (NMW); K. Matsuura, G. Shinohara and M. Nakae (NSMT); K. Miyamoto (OCA); J. Johnson (QM); J. P. van Oijen, R. de Ruiter and E. Dondorp (RMNH); R. Fricke (SMNS); V. Vilasri and S. Chungthanawong (THNHM); D. W. Nelson (UMMZ); T. Yoshino (URM); J. T. Williams, D. Pitassy, K. Murphy and S. Raredon (USNM); M. Hayashi and K. Hagiwara (YCM); P. K. L. Ng and K. K. P. Lim (ZRC). This study was supported in part by JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) KAKENHI awarded to the second author (11640696, 14540642, 19570084, 23570114, and 16K07840); and by the Multilateral Cooperative Research Program (Coastal Oceanography), Asian Core Program, Core-to-Core Program, and Core-to-Core Program CREPSUM JPJSCCB20200009 of the JSPS. The Vietnamese FRLM specimens were collected with the support of the Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (Hai Phong) and the Ha Long Bay Management Department (Ha Long) and with a permission of use of the specimens by the Biodiversity Conservation Agency, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Hanoi). Pakistani FRLM specimens were collected by the Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, Karachi and donated to FRLM via P. N. Psomadakis (FAO, UN). The KAUM specimens from the Philippines were collected under a Memorandum of Agreement for joint research made by and among the Department of Agriculture of the Republic of the Philippines (DA), the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), the Kagoshima University Museum, the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, and Tokai University, facilitated by S. L. Sanchez [Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), DA]. P. J. Alcala (DA) provided a Prior Informed Consent Certificate, and I. P. Cabacaba and S. M. S. Nolasco (BFAR, DA) provided a fish specimen Export Certificate (No. 2016-39812).

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  1. Hiromu Suzuki

    Present address: NAPLA Co. Ltd., Nagoya Branch, NOVA Bldg. 4-1-21 Osu, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 460-0011, Japan

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  1. Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan

    Hiromu Suzuki & Seishi Kimura

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HS was responsible for the study design, resources, analysis of the data and wrote the original manuscript. SK was responsible for resources, analysis of the data, funding acquisition, and review of the manuscript. Both authors contributed equally to this work. They read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Seishi Kimura.

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Fish species treated in this study are not listed as threatened or endangered by the IUCN Red List or CITES. All examined specimens registered in fish collections of natural history museums were used in the study. Newly-collected specimens were obtained with necessary approvals following international and national guidelines.

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Suzuki, H., Kimura, S. Taxonomic revision of the genus Equulites Fowler 1904 (Acanthuriformes: Leiognathidae). Ichthyol Res 71, 213–259 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-023-00935-z

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