Abstract
The cephalic lateral line system and its innervation were examined and compared between the ocular and blind sides in Pardachirus pavoninus (Soleidae). On the ocular side, the otic and preopercular canals were partly (posteriorly and dorsally, respectively) formed by canalized scales (one and five, respectively), each containing a canal neuromast (i.e., “lateral line scales”) and innervated by the anterior lateral line nerve (otic and mandibular rami, respectively). The canal neuromasts of the five scales were recognized as homologous with superficial neuromasts in other taxa based on innervation. The scales, each with a canal perpendicular to the long axis of the scale, bridged the wide gap between the otic region of the cranium and preopercle. The superficial ophthalmic ramus was bifurcated on both sides, the dorsal ramule emerging from the cranium via a frontal foramen. The buccal ramus on the blind side was intensively ramified in the area made available by migration of the eye to the ocular side. The numbers of canal and superficial neuromasts differed greatly between the sides, being 19 and 173 on the ocular side, and 1 and 465 on the blind side, respectively. Sensory strips of superficial neuromasts on the blind side had clear long and short axes. Numerous dermal papillae occurred on the blind side, forming complex channels, according to directions of the long axes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Able KW, Lamonaca JC (2006) Scale formation in selected western North Atlantic flatfishes. J Fish Biol 68:1679–1692
Appelbaum S, Schemmel C (1983) Dermal sense organs and their significance in the feeding behavior of the common sole Solea vulgaris. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:29–36
Becker EA, Bird NC, Webb JF (2016) Post-embryonic development of canal and superficial neuromasts and the generation of two cranial lateral line phenotypes. J Morphol 277:1273–1291
Chapleau F (1993) Pleuronectiform relationships: a cladistic reassessment. Bull Mar Sci 52:516–540
Clark E, George A (1979) Toxic soles, Pardachirus marmoratus from the Red Sea and P. pavoninus from Japan, with notes on other species. Environ Biol Fishes 4:103–123
Cole FJ (1898) Observations on the structure and morphology of the cranial nerves and lateral sense organs of fishes; with special reference to the genus Gudus. J Comp Neurol 7:115–221, pls 21–23
Cole FJ, Johnston J (1901) Liverpool Marine Biological Committee Memoirs. No. 8. Pleuronectes (the plaice). Trans Liverp Biol Soc 16:145–396, pls 1–11
Coombs S, Janssen J, Webb JF (1988) Diversity of lateral line system: evolutionary and functional considerations. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Propper AN, Tovolga WN (eds) Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Springer, New York, pp 553–593
Cunningham JT (1890) A treatise of the common sole (Solea vulgaris), considered both as an organism and as a commodity. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth
Filipski GT, Wilson MVH (1984) Sudan Black B as a nerve stain for whole cleared fishes. Copeia 1984:204–208
Freihofer WC (1963) Patterns of the ramus lateralis accessorius and their systematic significance in teleostean fishes. Stanf Ichthyol Bull 8:81–189
Freihofer WC (1970) Some nerve patterns and their systematic significance in paracanthopterygian, salmoniform, gobioid and apogonid fishes. Proc Calif Acad Sci 38:215–264
Freihofer WC (1978) Cranial nerves of a percoid fish, Polycentrus schomburgkii (Family Nandidae). A contribution to the morphology and classification of the order Perciformes. Occas Pap Calif Acad Sci 128:1–78
Fukuda E, Nakae M, Asaoka R, Sasaki K (2010) Branching patterns of trunk lateral line nerves in Pleuronectiformes: uniformity and diversity. Ichthyol Res 57:148–160
Fukuhara O (1986) Morphological and functional development of Japanese flounder in early life stage. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 52:81–91
Fukuhara O (1988) Morphological and functional development of larval and juvenile Limanda yokohamae (Pisces: Pleuronectidae) reared in the laboratory. Mar Biol 99:271–281
Harvey R, Blaxter JHS, Hoyt ED (1992) Development of superficial and lateral line neuromasts in larvae and juveniles of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and sole (Solea solea). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 72:651–668
Kawamura G, Ishida K (1985) Changes in sense organ morphology and behaviour with growth in the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 51:155–165
Lacepède BGE (1802) Histoire naturelle des Poissons 4. Plassan, Paris
Ma A, Shang X, Zhou Z, Wang X, Sun Z, Cui W, Xia D, Ma B (2016) Morphological variation and distribution of free neuromasts during half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis ontogeny. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 35:244–250
Nakae M, Asaoka R, Wada H, Sasaki K (2012) Fluorescent dye staining of neuromasts in live fishes: an aid to systematic studies. Ichthyol Res 59:286–290
Neave DA (1986) The development of lateral line system in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 66:683–693
Northcutt RG, Holmes PH, Albert JS (2000) Distribution and innervation of lateral line organs in the channel catfish. J Comp Neurol 421:570–592
Ochiai A (1957) A preliminary report on the fin organ of a soleoid fish, Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepede). Mem Coll Agric Kyoto Univ 76:29–33
Ochiai A (1966) Studies on the comparative morphology and ecology of the Japanese soles. Misaki Marine Biol Inst Kyoto Univ Spec Publ 3:1–97, pls 1–2
Otsuka M (2003) Neuromast formation in the prehatching embryos of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Acta Zool 84:99–106
Pankhurst PM, Butler P (1996) Development of the sensory organs in the greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina. Mar Freshw Behav Physiol 28:55–73
Roper DS (1981) Superficial neuromasts of the flatfish Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae (Günther). J Fish Biol 18:753–758
Sakamoto K (1984) Interrelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes).Mem Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 31:95–215
Sasaki K, Takiuye K, Nakae M (2007) Homologies of cephalic lateral line canals in Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus and Engyprosopon grandisquama (Pleuronectiformes): innervation and upper eye floor formation. Ichthyol Res 54:186–192
Sato M, Asaoka R, Nakae M, Sasaki K (2017) The lateral line system and its innervation in Lateolabrax japonicus (Percoidei incertae sedis) and two apogonids (Apogonidae), with special reference to superficial neuromasts (Teleostei: Percomorpha). Ichthyol Res 64:308–330
Sire JY, Akimenko MA (2004) Scale development in fish: a review, with description of sonic hedgehog (shh) expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Dev Biol 48:233–247
Voronina EP (2002) Morphology of the acoustico-lateralis system of some pleuronectids (sensu Chapleau, Keast, 1988). J Ichthyol 42:555–56
Voronina EP (2003) Structural features of the seismosensory system of certain representatives of the family Pleuronectidae (sensu Chapleau, Keast, 1988). J Ichthyol 43:718–728
Voronina EP (2007) Structure of the seismosensory system of Psettodes erumei (Psettodidae, Pleuronectiformes). J Ichthyol 47:217–221
Voronina EP (2009) Specific features of the seismosensory system and their use in the systematics of five families of the order Pleuronectiformes. J Ichthyol 49:349–361
Voronina EP, Dias de Astarloa HM (2007) Structure of seismosensory system in Oncopterus darwinii (Rhombosoleinae, Pleuronectidae). J Ichthyol 47:32–36
Voronina EP, Hughes DR (2018) Lateral line scale types and review of their taxonomic distribution. Acta Zool 99:65–86
Wada H, Ghysen A, Satou C, Higashijima S, Kawakami K, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M (2010) Dermal morphogenesis controls lateral line patterning during postembryonic development of teleost fish. Dev Biol 340:583–594
Wada H, Iwasaki M, Kawakami K (2014) Development of the lateral line canal system through a bone remodeling process in zebrafish. Dev Biol 392:1–14
Webb JF (1989a) Gross morphology and evolution of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in teleost fishes. Brain Behav Evol 33:34–53
Webb JF (1989b) Developmental constraints and evolution of the lateral line system in teleost fishes. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line: neurobiology and evolution. Springer, New York, pp 79–98
Webb JF (1989c) Neuromast morphology and lateral line trunk canal ontogeny in two species of cichlids: an SEM study. J Morphol 202:53–68
Webb JF (1990) Ontogeny and phylogeny of the trunk lateral line system in cichlid fishes. J Zool Lond 221:405–418
Wonsettler AL, Webb JF (1997) Morphology and development of the multiple lateral line canals on the trunk in two species of Hexagrammos (Scorpaeniformes, Hexagrammidae). J Morphol 233:195–214
Zottoli SJ, Van Horne C (1983) Posterior lateral line afferent and efferent pathways within the central nervous system of the goldfish with special reference to the Mauthner cell. J Comp Neurol 219:100–111
Acknowledgements
G. Hardy (Ngunguru, New Zealand) read the manuscript and offered helpful comments on English. This study was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26840132 (to MN) and Kochi University Marine Science Project (to KS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sato, M., Nakamoto, T., Nakae, M. et al. The cephalic lateral line system and its innervation in Pardachirus pavoninus (Soleidae: Pleuronectiformes): comparisons between the ocular and blind sides. Ichthyol Res 65, 334–345 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-018-0616-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-018-0616-9