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Potential end of life application of African star apple shell and waste toner powder as composite filler materials

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Abstract

This study contributes towards showing the potential end-of-life application of common wastes namely: Waste Toner powder (WTP) and African star apple shell powder (ASASP) as low cost reinforcement for polymer composites. Herein, the effect of varying weight fractions ranging from 0 to 25 wt% for ASASP and 0–10 wt% for WTP on some mechanical properties were studied. Results showed that incorporation of both waste materials into unsaturated polyester led to a reduction in flexural properties, and a significant improvement in tensile strength, Young’s modulus and hardness of polyester. For WTP-reinforced composites, WTP1 with tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break and hardness value of 31.4 MPa, 109.1 MPa, 5.77% and 823 HLD, respectively, exhibited the best combination of properties. Similarly, ASASP4 with tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break and hardness value of 28.9 MPa, 66.9 MPa, 3.016% and 703.5 HLD, respectively, exhibited the best combination of properties for ASASP-reinforced composites. Morphological analysis showed that although fine natured, with a higher tendency to agglomerate, WTP showed better interfacial bonding and lesser particle agglomeration than ASASP. These results show that utilizing these wastes as composite filler extends their life cycle and is coherent with the principles of circular economy.

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Abbreviations

ASASP:

African Star apple shell particulates

WTP:

Waste toner powder

LDPEW:

Low-density polyethylene waste

PP:

Polypropylene

CNSL:

Cashew nut shell resin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Cynthia Chikodi Daniel-Mkpume, Rachel Chinwendu Ahaiwe, Chigozie Lucas Ifenatuorah, Ikechukwu Christian Ezema Ike-Eze, Victor Sunday Aigbodion & Emenike George Okonkwo

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Victor Sunday Aigbodion

  3. Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Sochima Vincent Egoigwe

  4. Africa Centre of Excellence on Sustainable Power and Energy Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Private Bag 0004, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Cynthia Chikodi Daniel-Mkpume & Victor Sunday Aigbodion

  5. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Emenike George Okonkwo

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  1. Cynthia Chikodi Daniel-Mkpume
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  2. Rachel Chinwendu Ahaiwe
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Daniel-Mkpume, C.C., Ahaiwe, R.C., Ifenatuorah, C.L. et al. Potential end of life application of African star apple shell and waste toner powder as composite filler materials. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 24, 680–691 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01355-3

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