Abstract
Armadillo repeat family is well-characterized in several plant species for their involvement in multiple regulatory processes including growth, development, and stress response. We have previously shown a three-fold higher expression of ARM protein-encoding in tomato cultivar tolerant to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) compared to susceptible cultivar upon virus infection. This suggests the putative involvement of ARM proteins in defense response against virus infection; however, no comprehensive investigation has been performed to address this inference. In the present study, we have identified a total of 46 ARM-repeat proteins (SlARMs), and 41 U-box-containing proteins (SlPUBs) in tomato. These proteins and their corresponding genes were studied for their physicochemical properties, gene structure, domain architecture, chromosomal localization, phylogeny, and cis-regulatory elements in the upstream promoter region. Expression profiling of candidate genes in response to ToLCNDV infection in contrasting tomato cultivars showed significant upregulation of SlARM18 in the tolerant cultivar. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlARM18 in the tolerant tomato cultivar conferred susceptibility, which suggests the involvement of this gene in resistance mechanism. Further studies are underway to functionally characterize SlARM18 to delineate its precise role in defense mechanism.
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Acknowledgements
The authors’ research in this area is supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India [File No. BT/PR8357/PBD/16/1033/2013]. Mandal A and Shweta S acknowledge the National Post-Doctoral Fellowship received from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India [File No. PDF/2016/000382 and PDF/2016/001430, respectively].
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The authors also thank the National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, for the financial assistance.
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Fig. S1
Gene structure of SlARM and SlPUB genes. The exons and introns are presented by boxes and lines, respectively. (GIF 125 kb)
Fig. S2
Gene ontology annotation data of SlARM and SlPUB proteins showing the predicted (a) biological process, (b) molecular function, and (c) cellular component. (GIF 142 kb)
Fig. S3
Expression profile of candidate SlARM and SlPUB genes in response to ToLCNDV infections as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. (A) Semi-quantitative PCR-derived expression pattern of SlARM and SlPUB genes in contrasting tomato cultivars (susceptible cv. Punjab Chhuhara; tolerant cv. H-88-78-1) challenged with ToLCNDV. Slα-Tubulin was used as internal control. (B) Graphs showing differential gene expression in mock infiltrated and ToLCNDV infiltrated response of susceptible (Punjab Chhuhara) and resistant cultivar (H-88-78-1) after 14, 21 and 28 dpi. Slα-Tubulin was used as internal control. The error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). (GIF 161 kb)
Fig. S4
Phenotypic expression of tomato cultivars post-inoculation with ToLCNDV. (GIF 504 kb)
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Mandal, A., Mishra, A.K., Dulani, P. et al. Identification, characterization, expression profiling, and virus-induced gene silencing of armadillo repeat-containing proteins in tomato suggest their involvement in tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus resistance. Funct Integr Genomics 18, 101–111 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-017-0578-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-017-0578-4