Abstract
Negative effects of land use change on water resources are among the most important environmental problems widely found in rapidly developing urban areas. Preserving green open spaces, including peri-urban agriculture, has been emphasized in urban planning to maintain or enhance the water catchment capacity of a landscape. However, the effect of agriculture on water-related landscape functions varies depending on the type, distribution, and management of farmland. This paper analyzes the dynamics of agricultural land and its effect on runoff and soil erosion, in order to support agricultural land management in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA) with Indonesia’s capital Jakarta at its core. In 2012, agricultural land in JMA covered 53% of the total area, mostly located in the peri-urban zone. Peak Flow and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) models were used to quantify the increase of runoff and soil erosion in the three most important water catchment areas in JMA caused by an expansion of dryland agriculture and mixed gardens from 1983 to 2012. Critical zones, which generate most of the runoff and soil erosion, were identified in each of the catchment areas. While reforestation of farmland in these zones will be only an option on steep slopes given the great food demands and rural livelihood, adoption of soil and water conservation practices can make a substantial contribution to reduce flood risks and conserve the productivity of agricultural land. A specific set of policy incentives is recommended considering agricultural land use types distribution and their impact on runoff and soil erosion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adimihardja A (2006) Strategi mempertahankan multifungsi pertanian di Indonesia (Strategies to keep agricultural multifunctionaility in Indonesia). Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 25(3):99–105
Aubry C, Ramamonjisoa J, Dabat MH, Rakotoarisoa J, Rakotondraibe J, Rabeharisoa L (2012) Urban agriculture and land use in cities: an approach with the multi-functionality and sustainability concepts in the case of Antananarivo (Madagascar). Land Use Policy 29(2):429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.08.009
Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Ciliwung-Cisadane (2012) Pola Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung-Cisadane (Water Resources Management of Ciliwung-Cisadane Streams). Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta 201 pp
Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (BPDAS) Citarum Ciliwung (2011) Rencana Tindak Pengelolaan DAS Ciliwung (Action Plan of Ciliwung Watershed Management). Ministry of Forestry, Bogor 149 pp
Balali H, Khalilian S, Viaggi D, Bartolini F, Ahmadian M (2011) Groundwater balance and conservation under different water pricing and agricultural policy scenarios: a case study of the Hamadan-Bahar plain. Ecol Econ 70(5):863–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.005
Bols P (1978) The Iso-erodent map of java and Madura. Belgian technical assistance project ATA 105. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, Bogor
Brinkman JJ, Hartman M (2008) Jakarta flood hazard mapping framework. World Bank report, Jakarta
Broch SW, Strange N, Jacobsen JB, Wilson KA (2013) Farmers’ willingness to provide ecosystem services and effects of their spatial distribution. Ecol Econ 92:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.017
Brody SD, Highfield WE (2013) Open space protection and flood mitigation: a national study. Land Use Policy 32:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.10.017
Chan FKS, Mitchell G, Adekola O, McDonald A (2012) Flood risk in Asia’s urban mega-deltas: drivers, impacts and response. Environ Urban ASIA 3(1):41–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/097542531200300103
Dahiya B (2012) Cities in Asia, 2012: demographics, economics, poverty, environment and governance. Cities 29:S44–S61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.013
Dale VH, Polasky S (2007) Measures of the effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. Ecol Econ 64(2):286–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.009
Douglass M (2013) Integrated regional planning for sustainable development in Asia: innovations in the governance of metropolitan, rural-urban, and transborder riparian regions. Paper presented to UNCRD expert group meeting on integrated regional development planning. Nagoya
FAO (1999) Issues in Urban Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/9901sp2.htm. Accessed 25 Feb 2011
Farid M, Mano A, Udo K (2010) Flood runoff characteristics due to land cover change in upper Ciliwung river basin Indonesia using 2D distributed model coupled with NCF tank model. Annu J Hydraul Eng 54:157–162
Firman T, Surbakti IM, Idroes IC, Simarmata HA (2011) Potential climate-change related vulnerabilities in Jakarta: challenges and current status. Habitat Int 35(2):372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.011
Foley J, DeFries R, Asner G, Barford C (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/309/5734/570.short. Accessed 25 Feb 2011
Haase D, Nuissl H (2007) Does urban sprawl drive changes in the water balance and policy? Landsc Urban Plan 80(1–2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.03.011
Hammer WI (1981) Soil conservation consultant report Center for Soil Research. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, Bogor
Hanson S, Nicholls R, Ranger N, Hallegatte S, Corfee-Morlot J, Herweijer C, Chateau J (2010) A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Clim Chang 104(1):89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9977-4
Herslund LB, Jean-Baptiste N, Jalayer F, Jørgensen G, Kabisch S, Lindley S, Nyed PK, Pauleit S, Printz A, Vedeld T (2015) Developing multiple-dimensional assessment of urban vulnerability to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Hazards 82:149–172
Hussain Z, Hanisch M (2014) Dynamics of peri-urban agricultural development and farmers adaptive behaviour in the emerging megacity of Hyderabad, India. J Environ Plan Manag 57:495–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.751018
Indraprahasta GS (2013) The potential of urban agriculture development in Jakarta. Procedia Environ Sci 17:11–19
Insurance Journal (2013) Fitch concludes Indonesian flood losses manageable for non-life insurers. http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2013/02/20/281810.htm. Accessed 20 Jan 2015
Kenyon W, Hill G, Shannon P (2008) Scoping the role of agriculture in sustainable flood management. Land Use Policy 25(3):351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.09.003
Kompas (2013) Jokowi yakin pembangunan depp tunnel bisa direkayasa, http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2013/03/06/06175453/Jokowi.Yakin.Pembangunan.Deep.Tunnel.Bisa.Direkayasa. Accessed 15 Nov 2014
Kompas (2014) Pengendalian aliran permukaan versus normalisasi sungai, http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2014/09/18/19140531/Pengendalian.Aliran.Permukaan.Versus.Normalisasi.Sungai. Accesed 17 Nov 2014
Konsorsium Penyelamatan Kawasan Puncak (2014) Puncak yang Tenggelam dan Aksi Bersama Penyelamatannya. Bogor, 44 pp
Lee YC, Ahern J, Yeh CT (2015) Ecosystem services in peri-urban landscapes: the effects of agricultural landscape change on ecosystem services in Taiwan’s western coastal plain. Landsc Urban Plan 139:137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.023
Lembaga Penelitian Tanah (1966) Peta tanah tinjau Provinsi Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur, Skala 1:250.000. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, Bogor
Malaque IR III, Yokohari M (2007) Urbanization process and the changing agricultural landscape pattern in the urban fringe of Metro Manila, Philippines. Environ Urban 19:191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076782
Martellozzo F, Ramankutty N, Hall RJ, Price DT, Purdy B, Friedl MA (2015) Urbanization and the loss of prime farmland: a case study in the Calgary-Edmonton corridor of Alberta. Reg Environ Chang 15(5):881–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0658-0
Morris J, Hess T, Posthumus H (2010) Agriculture’s role in flood adaptation and mitigation: policy issues and approaches, http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00871/. Accessed 17 Nov 2014
O’Connell E, Ewen J, O’Donnell G, Quin P (2007) Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding? Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11(1):96–107. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-96-2007
Plate EJ (2002) Flood risk and flood management. J Hydrol 267(1–2):2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00135-X
Pribadi DO, Pauleit S (2015) The dynamics of peri-urban agriculture during rapid urbanization of Jabodetabek metropolitan area. Land Use Policy 48:13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.05.009
Pribadi DO, Pauleit S (2016) Peri-urban agriculture in Jabodetabek metropolitan area and its relationship with the urban socioeconomic system. Land Use Policy 55:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.008
Purnomohadi N (2001) Jakarta: urban agriculture as an alternative strategy to face economic crisis. In: Bakker N, Dubbeling M, Koschella US, de Zeeuw H (eds) Growing cities growing food: urban agriculture on the policy agenda. RUAF Publication, Leusden, pp 453–465
Rustiadi E, Tarigan S, Nurholipah S, Pravitasari AE, Iman LS (2012) Land use/cover changes in Puncak area (upstream of Ciliwung River) and its potential impact on flood dynamics. Toward sustainable land use in Asia (SLUAS) science report, pp 163-171
Silver C (2008) Planning the megacity: Jakarta in the twentieth century. Routledge, New York
Singh RB (2014) Preface. In: Singh RB (ed) Urban development challenges, risk, and resiliences in Asian mega cities. Springer, Japan, pp v–vii
Steinberg F (2007) Jakarta: environmental problems and sustainability. Habitat Int 31:354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.002
Tellman B, Saiers JE, Cruz OAR (2015) Quantifying the impacts of land use change on flooding in data-poor watersheds in El Salvador with community-based model calibration. Reg Environ Chang 16(4):1183–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0841-y
Tempo (2013a) Beda curah hujan Jakarta 2007 dengan 2013, http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/01/18/214455243/Beda-Curah-Hujan-Jakarta-2007-dengan-2013. Accessed 15 Nov 2014
Tempo (2013b) Tanggul kanal barat jebol butuh batu 450 kubik, http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/01/18/083455330/Tanggul-Kanal-Barat-Jebol-Butuh-Batu-450-Kubik. Accessed 15 Nov 2014
USDA (1986). Urban hydrology for small watersheds, TR-55, United States Department of Agriculture, 210-V1-TR-55, second ed. June 1986. 160 pp
Vagneron I (2007) Economic appraisal of profitability and sustainability of peri-urban agriculture in Bangkok. Ecol Econ 61(2–3):516–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.04.006
Vis R, Tarigan S, Verhaeghe R, and Adriaanse B (2012a) Modeling for peak runoff zoning: peak flow model using ArcGIS. TA 7189-INO: institutional strengthening for integrated water resources management in the 6 Cis River basin territory—package B. Jakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, 52
Vis R, Tarigan S, Verhaeghe R, and Adriaanse B (2012b) Java Erosion model- USLE 30m: application of the universal soil loss equation. TA 7189-INO: institutional strengthening for integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the 6 Cis River basin territory—package B. Jakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, 41
Wang L, Lyons J, Kanehl P, Gatti R (1997) Influences of watershed land use on habitat quality and biotic integrity in Wisconsin streams. Fisheries 22:6–12. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1997)022<0006:IOWLUO>2.0.CO;2
Wheater H, Evans E (2009) Land use, water management and future flood risk. Land Use Policy 26:S251–S264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.08.019
Yokohari M, Takeuchi K, Watanabe T, Yokota S (2000) Beyond greenbelts and zoning: future directions of the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landsc Urban Plan 47:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00084-5
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor:Virginia Burkett.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pribadi, D.O., Vollmer, D. & Pauleit, S. Impact of peri-urban agriculture on runoff and soil erosion in the rapidly developing metropolitan area of Jakarta, Indonesia. Reg Environ Change 18, 2129–2143 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1341-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1341-7