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Investigation of the optimal light parameters for photobiomodulation to induce osteogenic differentiation of the human bone marrow stem cell and human umbilical vein endothelial cell co-culture

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Abstract

Bones have an important role in the human body with their complex nature. Mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells together support their unique and complex nature. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising method that provides cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone regeneration. However, there are still unknowns in the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation induced by PBM. The main aim of the study is to understand the molecular mechanism of PBM at 655 and 808 nm of wavelengths and identify the most effective energy densities of both wavelengths for osteogenic differentiation. The effect of PBM on osteogenic differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cell (hBMSC) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) co-culture was examined at 1, 3, and 5 J/cm2 energy densities of red and near-infrared light through different analysis such as cell viability, scratch assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, and ATP synthesis, nitric oxide release, temperature monitoring, and osteogenic differentiation analyses. Even though all PBM-treated groups exhibited better results compared to the control group, 5 J/cm2 energy density induced faster cell proliferation and migration at both wavelengths. The increases in ATP and NO levels as signaling molecules, and the increases in DNA, ALPase, and calcium contents as osteogenic markers were higher in the groups treated with 5 J/cm2 energy density at both wavelengths. Only a slight change was obtained in the level of intracellular ROS after any light applications. It can be concluded that NO release has a very important role together with ATP production in PBM therapy to trigger DNA synthesis, ALPase activity, and mineralization for osteogenic differentiation of the hBMSC and HUVEC co-culture at 655 and 808 nm of wavelengths.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aylin Şendemir for providing the HUVEC line; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Merih Palandoken for supporting the thermal camera; and Emel Bakay and Sümeyra Arslan for their valuable help.

Funding

The study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) through research project no. 220S280.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Test Calibration Application and Research Center, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Çiğli, Izmir, 35620, Turkey

    Ziyşan Buse Yaralı Çevik & Ozan Karaman

  2. Department of Biomedical Technologies, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Çiğli, Izmir, 35620, Turkey

    Ziyşan Buse Yaralı Çevik & Ozan Karaman

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Çiğli, Izmir, 35620, Turkey

    Ozan Karaman & Nermin Topaloğlu

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  1. Ziyşan Buse Yaralı Çevik
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Contributions

Z.B.Y.Ç. contributed to the design, data analysis, interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript. O.K. contributed to the design, drafting, and editing of the manuscript and final approval of the manuscript. N.T. contributed to the conception and design, drafting and editing of the manuscript, and final approval of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nermin Topaloğlu.

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Yaralı Çevik, Z.B., Karaman, O. & Topaloğlu, N. Investigation of the optimal light parameters for photobiomodulation to induce osteogenic differentiation of the human bone marrow stem cell and human umbilical vein endothelial cell co-culture. Lasers Med Sci 38, 273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-023-03941-9

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