Abstract
Iron molecule is of great importance in the synthesis of hemoglobin which is essential for oxygen transport. Iron levels are quantified by accurately high sensitivity tests, such as serum ferritin (SF). However, common studies to quantify SF are long and strenuous (~ 5 h), for example enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this paper, blood serum samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy (RS), and a computational analysis of spectra is proposed to detect differences in SF as an alternative procedure. Serum samples were obtained from 22 patients, 9 who were clinically diagnosed with anemia and 13 controls. Patients with anemia had low levels of SF (< 30 ng/ml), and a control group had levels between 30 and 500 ng/ml. The spectra obtained were conditioned with a baseline correction and smoothing, then evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), and a predictive model was estimated by lineal discrimination analysis (LDA). The results showed a clear differentiation of the study groups by PCA, also 99.69% sensitivity and 100% specificity by LDA. This study suggest that Raman spectroscopy is a fast (~ 5 min) and a powerful tool capable to qualitative differentiate ferritin concentrations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Spada P, Rossi C, Alimonti A (2008) Ferritin iron content in hemodialysis patients: comparison with septic and hemochromatosis patients. Clin Biochem 41:997–1001
E. S. W. Group (1985) Summary of a report on assessment of the nutritional status of the Unite States population. Am J Clin Nutr 42:1318–1330
He-Qing H, Xiao-Hui F, Xue-Ping F (2009) Characteristics of H and L subunits with mass spectrometry, electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy in liver ferritin of dasyatis akajei. Chin J Anal Chem 37:631–636
Wang W, Knovich M, Coffman L, Torti F, Torti S (2010) Serum ferritin: past, present and future. Biochim Biophys Acta 1800:760–769
Walters G, Miller F, Worwood M (1973) Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. J Clin Pathol 26:770–772
Siimes M, Addiego J, Dallman P (1974) Ferritin in serum: diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron overload in infants and children. Blood 43:581–590
Harrison P, Arosio P (1996) The ferritins: molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1275:161–203
Erramouspe (2012) Determinación de Ferritina Sérica. Hematología 16:122–123
Stella C, Castillo M, Mora I, Oliveros A (2005) Estrategias diagnósticas utilizadas para detectar deficiencias de hierro subclínicas y asociadas a enfermedades crónicas. NOVA 3:114–115
Smith E, Dent G (2005) Modern Raman spectroscopy a practical approach. Wiley, Chichester
Das R, Agrawal Y (2011) Raman spectroscopy: recent advancements, techniques and applications. Vib Spectrosc 57:163–176
Andrzej K (2008) Analytical applications of Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 76:1–8
Juquiang L, Rong C, Shangyuan F (2011) A novel blood plasma analysis technique combining membrane electrophoresis with silver nanoparticle-based SERS spectroscopy for potential applications in noninvasive cancer detection. Nanomedicine 7:655–663
Vendrell M, Maiti K, Dhaliwal K (2013) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer detection and imaging. Trends Biotechnol 31:249–257
Berger A, Koo T, Itzkan I (1999) Multicomponent blood analysis by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. Appl Opt 38:2916–2926
Qu J, Wilson B, Suria D (1999) Concentration measurements of multiple analytes in human sera by near-infrared laser Raman spectroscopy. Appl Opt 38:5491–5498
Notingher I, Verrier S, Romanska H (2002) In situ characterization of living cells by Raman spectroscopy. Spectroscopy 16:43–51
Baena J, Lendl B (2004) Raman spectroscopy in chemical bioanalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8:534–539
Quiang T, Chang C (2012) Diagnostic applications of Raman spectroscopy. Nanomedicine 8:545–558
Szybowicz M, Koralewski M, Karon J (2015) Micro-Raman spectroscopy of natural and synthetic ferritins and their mimetics. Acta Phys Polon 127:534–536
Boelens HF, Eilers PH, Hankemeier T (2005) Sing constrains improve the detection of differences between complex spectral data sets: LC-IR as an example. Anal Chem 77:7998–8007
Chan J, Taylor D, Zwerdling T (2006) Micro-Raman spectroscopy detects individual neoplastic and normal hematopoietic cells. Biophys J 90:648–656
Martinez A, Kak A (2001) PCA versus LDA. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23:228–233
De Gelder J, De Gussem K, Vandenabeele P, Moens L (2007) Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules. J Raman Spectrosc 38:1133–1147
Acknowledgement
Authors thank to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) Clinical Research Unit No.1 in the collection of samples.
Funding
This study was funded by the DAIP-UGTO (grant number 2018/59023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruvalcaba-López, J.M., Córdova-Fraga, T., de la Rosa-Alvarez, G. et al. Qualitative evaluation of ferritin in serum samples by Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Lasers Med Sci 34, 35–40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2576-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2576-8