Abstract
Environmental degradation poses a growing threat to sustainable development, and thus, exploring the intricate relationship between the environment, agriculture, and natural resources becomes increasingly crucial for achieving food security, agricultural sustainability, and resource conservation. To this end, this study employs a “novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lags model” and “Kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS)” to empirically establish connections between agricultural expansion, natural resources and their impact on the load capacity factor (LCF) as an environmental indicator. Focusing on Pakistan as a case study with data spanning from 1972 to 2021, the study reveals several key findings. Firstly, the study finds that agricultural expansion has a notably negative impact on LCF in Pakistan, with a coefficient of − 0.419, indicating its detrimental effect on environmental quality. Secondly, natural resources’ negative influence is reflected by a coefficient of − 0.026, underlining their role in reducing the load capacity factor. Additionally, the long-term impact of economic growth is deemed harmful to the load capacity factor in Pakistan, with a coefficient of -0.270. Lastly, a robustness analysis, incorporating ecological balance and the KRLS estimator, lends further support to these findings, underscoring the pressing need for government intervention to enhance environmental conditions. This can be achieved through enacting and rigorous enforcement of environmental regulations, representing a crucial step towards ensuring environmental sustainability.
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Notes
Whereas, the paper published in Nature Food by Crippa et al. (2021) discloses 34% GHGs are coming from food system.
Reported from “Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS)” report available at chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/national.pdf.
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ZA wrote the original draft, work on revising the manuscript and editing, and finalized the manuscript, while YJ provided the resources, supervised and guided throughout the project. AA wrote the revisions, and visualization of the study. AK conceptualized the project, designed methodology, and formal analysis.
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Ali, Z., Yang, J., Ali, A. et al. Balancing agriculture, environment and natural resources: insights from Pakistan’s load capacity factor analysis. Clean Techn Environ Policy 26, 1227–1246 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02673-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02673-2