Abstract
Artificial frozen sandy gravel exhibits the characteristics of wide distribution of particle size and complex composition, which are quite distinct from frozen fine-grained soils such as clay and silt. It may be more accurate to use both macroscopic and microscopic scales to evaluate the damage of artificial frozen sandy gravel. Therefore, this paper proposes an investigation on the macro-plastic damage and micro-crack damage of artificial frozen sandy gravel through triaxial compression and X-ray CT scanning tests. The two types of damage are obtained from completely different macro-plastic and micro-crack damage theoretical calculation methods. It can be concluded that the evolution law of the two damages is similar, but the value is different. Moreover, the defined cross-scale modified damage which is fitted through the calculated macro-plastic damage and micro-crack damage is proposed. The fitting functions reveal the evolution law of frozen sandy gravel damage more accurate, which is beneficial to the safety of the artificial ground freezing project and provides a valuable reference for subsequent numerical simulations of the frozen sandy gravel constitutive relationship.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
Ala B, As C, Pt A, Cg A, Rclb C, Pb B (2017) Coupling X-ray computed tomography and freeze-coring for the analysis of fine-grained low-cohesive soils. Geoderma 308:171–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.010
Alzoubi MA, Nie-Rouquette A, Sasmito AP (2018) Conjugate heat transfer in artificial ground freezing using enthalpy-porosity method: experiments and model validation. Int J Heat Mass Transf 126:740–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.059
Anagnostou G, Sres A, Pimentel E (2012) Large-scale laboratory tests on artificial ground freezing under seepage-flow conditions. Géotechnique 62:14. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.120
Casini F, Gens A, Olivella S, Viggiani GMB (2016) Artificial ground freezing of a volcanic ash: laboratory tests and modelling. Environ Geotech 3:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1680/envgeo.14.00004
Chen SJ, Ma W, Li GY, Zhang EL, Zhang G (2017) Development and application of triaxial apparatus of frozen soil used in conjunction with medical CT. Rock Soil Mech 38. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.S2.049
Fan W, Yang P (2019) Ground temperature characteristics during artificial freezing around a subway cross passage. Transp Geotech 20:100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100250
Kang Y, Liu Q, Cheng Y, Liu X (2016) Combined freeze-sealing and new tubular roof construction methods for seaside urban tunnel in soft ground. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 58:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.04.001
Kim YS, Kang JM, Lee J, Hong SS, Kim KJ (2012) Finite element modeling and analysis for artificial ground freezing in egress shafts. KSCE J Civ Eng 16:925–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1252-y
Lackner R, Amon A, Lagger H (2005) Artificial ground freezing of fully saturated soil: thermal problem. J Eng Mech 131:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2005)131:2(211)
Lackner R, Pichler C, Kloiber A (2008) Artificial ground freezing of fully saturated soil: viscoelastic behavior. J Eng Mech 134:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2008)134:1(1)
Lemaitre J, Chaboche JL (1994) Mechanics of solid materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Li F, Su L, Wan HP, Niu F, Ling X (2021) Experimental investigation on dynamic characteristics of sandy gravel in frozen region. Cold Reg Sci Technol 185:103251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103251
Liu Z, Li H, Zhu Y, Pu Y, Li H (2002) A distinguish model for initial and additional micro-damages on frozen soil. J Glaciol Geocryol 24:676–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-002-0037-5
Liu ZL, Zhang XP, Li HS (2005) A damage constitutive model for frozen soils under uniaxial compression based on CT dynamic distinguishing. Rock Soil Mech 26. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2005.04.007
Marwan A, Zhou MM, Abdelrehim MZ, Meschke G (2016) Optimization of artificial ground freezing in tunneling in the presence of seepage flow. Comput Geotech 75:112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.004
Ministry of Water Resources (2019) Standard for geotechnical testing method. National standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T50123–2019
Ou CY, Kao CC, Chen CI (2009) Performance and analysis of artificial ground freezing in the shield tunneling. J GeoEng 4:29–41. https://doi.org/10.6310/jog.2009.4(1).4
Pimentel E, Papakonstantinou S, Anagnostou G (2012) Numerical interpretation of temperature distributions from three ground freezing applications in urban tunnelling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 28:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.09.005
Starkloff T, Larsbo M, Stolte J, Hessel R, Ritsema C (2017) Quantifying the impact of a succession of freezing-thawing cycles on the pore network of a silty clay loam and a loamy sand topsoil using X-ray tomography. Catena 156:365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.04.026
Takano D, Lenoir N, Otani J, Hall SA (2015) Localised deformation in a wide-grained sand under triaxial compression revealed by X-ray tomography and digital image correlation. Soils Found 55:906–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.020
Tang L, Cong S, Ling X, Xing W, Nie Z (2018) A unified formulation of stress-strain relations considering micro-damage for expansive soils exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Reg Sci Technol 153:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.05.006
Torrance JK, Elliot T, Martin R, Heck RJ (2008) X-ray computed tomography of frozen soil. Cold Reg Sci Technol 53:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.04.010
Tounsi H, Rouabhi A, Tijani M, Guérin F (2019) Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of artificial ground freezing: application in mining engineering. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:3889–3907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01786-9
Vitel M, Rouabhi A, Tijani M, Guerin F (2015) Modeling heat transfer between a freeze pipe and the surrounding ground during artificial ground freezing activities. Comput Geotech 63:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.08.004
Vitel M, Rouabhi A, Tijani M, Guerin F (2016) Thermo-hydraulic modeling of artificial ground freezing: application to an underground mine in fractured sandstone. Comput Geotech 75:80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.024
Wu W, Yan Q, Zhang C, Yang K, Xu Y (2021) A novel method to study the energy conversion and utilization in artificial ground freezing. Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121066
Wu ZW, Ma W, Pu YB (1996) Monitoring the change of structures in frozen soil in uniaxial creep process by CT. J Glaciol Geocryol 4:20–25. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1996.0045. (in Chinese)
Yan Q, Wu W, Zhang C, Ma S, Li Y (2019) Monitoring and evaluation of artificial ground freezing in metro tunnel construction-a case study. KSCE J Civ Eng 23:2359–2370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1478-z
Yan Q, Xu Y, Yang W, Ping G (2017) Nonlinear transient analysis of temperature fields in an AGF project used for a cross-passage tunnel in the Suzhou metro. KSCE J Civ Eng 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1118-4
Yang R, Wang Q, Yang L (2017) Closed-form elastic solution for irregular frozen wall of inclined shaft considering the interaction with ground. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 100:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.10.008
Zhang G, Liu E, Chen S, Song B (2019) Micromechanical analysis of frozen silty clay-sand mixtures with different sand contents by triaxial compression testing combined with real-time CT scanning. Cold Reg Sci Technol 168:102872.102871–102872.102811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102872
Zhang Y, Liu S, Lu Y, Li Z (2021) Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of frozen clay–gravel composite. Cold Reg Sci Technol:103340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103340
Zhao X, Lv Z, Zhou Y, Chu Z, Ji Y, Zhou X (2022) Thermal and pore pressure gradient–dependent deformation and fracture behavior of saturated soils subjected to freeze–thaw. B Eng Geol Environ 81:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02693-0
Zheng JF, Ma W, Zhao SP, Pu YB (2011) Study on mesoscopic damage changes of frozen Lanzhou loess based on CT real-time monitoring under triaxial compression. J Glaciol Geocryol 33:839–845. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2011.0113. (in Chinese)
Zhou J, Tang Y (2015) Artificial ground freezing of fully saturated mucky clay: thawingn problem by centrifuge modeling. Cold Reg Sci Technol 117:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.04.005
Zhou J, Tang Y (2018) Practical model of deformation prediction in soft clay after artificial ground freezing under subway low-level cyclic loading. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 76:30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.003
Zueter AF, Xu M, Alzoubi MA, Sasmito AP (2021) Development of conjugate reduced-order models for selective artificial ground freezing: thermal and computational analysis. Appl Therm Eng 190:116782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116782
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support for this research provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers: U21A20152, 52208407).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, W., Yan, Q., Liu, C. et al. Experimental research on microscopic and macroscopic damage evolution of artificial frozen sandy gravel. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 103 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03592-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03592-2