Abstract
In geological engineering, the existence of fault fracture zones has an obvious impact on the stability and failure process of the surrounding rock of mountain tunnels. In this study, a series of models with double pre-existing filled flaws and a circular hole were established and simulated under uniaxial compression. The results indicate that the existence of filled flaws and hole degrades the mechanical properties in the model. Specifically, as the distance of double filled flaws decreases and their inclination angle increases, the Young's modulus and uniaxial compression strength decline. When the inclination of the double pre-existing filled flaws is close to the rupture angle of the intact model, the mechanical properties of the model are the smallest. In addition, microcracks mainly initiate at the filled flaws and the left and right sides of circular hole. Most of the microcracks are tensile cracks, and only little shear microcracks are developed. It is also found that the source types of the acoustic emission events and b-value are related to the position and inclination angle of filled flaws. The source types of events that make up the shear band may be mainly tensile or shear. Implosive and shear events also significantly contribute to macroscopic failure. In addition, the b-values display a negative correlation with the increasing distance of double pre-existing filled flaws. The above results show that the stability of mountain tunnels may be evaluated by analyzing the position and inclination angle of fault fracture zones in tunnel engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdollahi MS, Najafi M, Bafghi AY, Marji MF (2019) A 3D numerical model to determine suitable reinforcement strategies for passing TBM through a fault zone, a case study: Safaroud water transmission tunnel. Iran Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 88:186–199
Amitrano D (2003) Brittle–ductile transition and associated seismicity: experimental and numerical studies and relationship with the b value. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 108(B1)
Benson PM, Thompson BD, Meredith PG, Vinciguerra S, Young RP (2007) Imaging slow failure in triaxially deformed Etna basalt using 3D acoustic-emission location and X-ray computed tomography. Geophys Res Lett 34(3):L03303
Bi J, Zhou XP (2017) A novel numerical algorithm for simulation of initiation, propagation and coalescence of flaws subject to internal fluid pressure and vertical stress in the framework of general particle dynamics. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(7):1833–1849
Bi J, Zhou XP, Qian QH (2016) The 3D numerical simulation for the propagation process of multiple pre-existing flaws in rock-like materials subjected to biaxial compressive loads. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(5):1611–1627
Bryant EC, Sun W (2018) A mixed-mode phase field fracture model in anisotropic rocks with consistent kinematics. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 342:561–584
Bu F, Xue L, Zhai M, Huang X, Dong J, Liang N, Xu C (2022) Evaluation of the characterization of acoustic emission of brittle rocks from the experiment to numerical simulation. Sci Rep 12(1):1–16
Cai MKPK, Kaiser PK, Tasaka Y, Maejima T, Morioka H, Minami M (2004) Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(5):833–847
Cao P, Liu T, Pu C, Lin H (2015) Crack propagation and coalescence of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing cracks in compression. Eng Geol 187:113–121
Cao RH, Cao P, Lin H, Pu CZ, Ou K (2016) Mechanical behavior of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing fissures under uniaxial loading: experimental studies and particle mechanics approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(3):763–783
Chang X, Deng Y, Li Z, Wang S, Tang CA (2018) Crack propagation from a filled flaw in rocks considering the infill influences. J Appl Geophys 152:137–149
Chen S, Xia Z, Feng F, Yin D (2021) Numerical study on strength and failure characteristics of rock samples with different hole defects. Bull Eng Geol Env 80(2):1523–1540
Cheng H, Zhou X, Zhu J, Qian Q (2016) The effects of crack openings on crack initiation, propagation and coalescence behavior in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(9):3481–3494
Diedeirchs MS (1999) Instability of hard rock masses: the role of tensile damage and relaxation. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Dyskin AV (1999) On the role of stress fluctuations in brittle fracture. Int J Fract 100(1):29–53
Eberhardt E, Stead D, Stimpson B (1999) Quantifying progressive pre-peak brittle fracture damage in rock during uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36(3):361–380
Fakhimi A, Carvalho F, Ishida T, Labuz JF (2002) Simulation of failure around a circular opening in rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 39(4):507–515
Fan X, Jiang X, Liu Y, Lin H, Li K, He Z (2021) Local stress distribution and evolution surrounding flaw and opening within rock block under uniaxial compression. Theor Appl Fract Mech 112:102914
Fathipour-Azar H (2021) Machine learning-assisted distinct element model calibration: ANFIS, SVM, GPR, and MARS approaches. Acta Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01303-9
Feignier B, Young RP (1992) Moment tensor inversion of induced microseisnmic events: evidence of non-shear failures in the− 4< M<− 2 moment magnitude range. Geophys Res Lett 19(14):1503–1506
Fujii Y, Takemura T, Takahashi M, Lin W (2007) Surface features of uniaxial tensile fractures and their relation to rock anisotropy in Inada granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(1):98–107
Guéguen Y, Boutéca M (Eds.) (2004) Mechanics of fluid-saturated rocks. Elsevier
Gui YL, Zhao ZY, Zhang C, Ma SQ (2017) Numerical investigation of the opening effect on the mechanical behaviours in rocks under uniaxial loading using hybrid continuum-discrete element method. Comput Geotech 90:55–72
Gutenberg B (2013) Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Read Books Ltd
Hanks TC, Kanamori H (1979) A moment magnitude scale. J Geophys Res 84:2348–2350
Hazzard JF, Young RP (2000) Simulating acoustic emissions in bonded-particle models of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(5):867–872
Hazzard JF, Young RP (2002) Moment tensors and micromechanical models. Tectonophysics 356(1-3) 181-197 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00384-0
Hazzard JF, Young RP (2004) Dynamic modelling of induced seismicity. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(8):1365–1376
Hu X, Bian K, Liu J, Li B, Chen M (2019) Discrete element simulation study on the influence of microstructure heterogeneity on creep characteristics of granite. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 10:2069–2083
Hu X, Gong X, Ma J, Guo P, Hu H (2022a) Numerical study on full-field stress evolution and acoustic emission characteristics of rocks containing three parallel pre-existing flaws under uniaxial compression. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2022.2028194
Hu X, Gong X, Xie N, Zhu Q, Guo P, Hu H, Ma J (2022b) Modeling crack propagation in heterogeneous granite using grain-based phase field method. Theor Appl Fract Mech 117:103203
Hu X, Luo L, Lei G, Gong X, Guo P, Hu H, Ma J (2021) Cracking behavior and acoustic emission characteristics of rock containing a single preexisting flaw. Shock Vib 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7117163
Hu X, Xie N, Zhu Q, Chen L, Li P (2020) Modeling damage evolution in heterogeneous granite using digital image-based grain-based model. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(11):4925–4945
Huang F, Wu C, Ni P, Wan G, Zheng A, Jang BA, Karekal S (2020) Experimental analysis of progressive failure behavior of rock tunnel with a fault zone using non-contact DIC technique. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 132:104355
Huang S, Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Cai Y (2019) Strength and failure characteristics of rock-like material containing single crack under freeze-thaw and uniaxial compression. Cold Reg Sci Technol 162:1–10
Huang YH, Yang SQ, Ranjith PG, Zhao J (2017) Strength failure behavior and crack evolution mechanism of granite containing pre-existing non-coplanar holes: experimental study and particle flow modeling. Comput Geotech 88:182–198
Huang YH, Yang SQ, Zeng W (2016) Experimental and numerical study on loading rate effects of rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures. J Cent South Univ 23(6):1474–1485
Itasca Consulting Group Inc (2014) Particle Flow Code (PFC), Version 5.0. Minneapolis
Jeon S, Kim J, Seo Y, Hong C (2004) Effect of a fault and weak plane on the stability of a tunnel in rock—a scaled model test and numerical analysis. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:658–663
Ji PQ, Zhang XP, Zhang Q (2018) A new method to model the non-linear crack closure behavior of rocks under uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 112:171–183
Jost MU, Herrmann RB (1989) A student’s guide to and review of moment tensors. Seismol Res Lett 60(2):37–57
Katz O, Reches ZE (2004) Microfracturing, damage, and failure of brittle granites. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 109(B1)
Kelly DD, Peck DC, James RS (1994) Petrography of granitic samples from the 420 m level of the Underground Research Laboratory. Pinawa, Manitoba, report, Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, Ont., Canada
Khazaei C, Hazzard J, Chalaturnyk R (2015) Damage quantification of intact rocks using acoustic emission energies recorded during uniaxial compression test and discrete element modeling. Comput Geotech 67:94–102
Kirsch C (1898) Die theorie der elastizitat und die bedurfnisse der festigkeitslehre. Zeitschrift Des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure 42:797–807
Kun M, Onargan T (2013) Influence of the fault zone in shallow tunneling: a case study of Izmir Metro Tunnel. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 33:34–45
Lan H, Martin CD, Hu B (2010) Effect of heterogeneity of brittle rock on micromechanical extensile behavior during compression loading. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 115(B01202):1–14
Li D, Zhu Q, Zhou Z, Li X, Ranjith PG (2017) Fracture analysis of marble specimens with a hole under uniaxial compression by digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech 183:109–124
Li HQ, Wong LNY (2014) Numerical study on coalescence of pre-existing flaw pairs in rock-like material. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(6):2087–2105
Li XF, Li HB, Liu LW, Liu YQ, Ju MH, Zhao J (2020) Investigating the crack initiation and propagation mechanism in brittle rocks using grain-based finite-discrete element method. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 127:104219
Li XF, Li X, Li HB, Zhang QB, Zhao J (2018) Dynamic tensile behaviours of heterogeneous rocks: the grain scale fracturing characteristics on strength and fragmentation. Int J Impact Eng 118:98–118
Li X, Zhu Z, Wang M, Xiao D, Shu Y, Deng S (2021) Fracture mechanism of rock around a tunnel-shaped cavity with interconnected cracks under blasting stress waves. Int J Impact Eng 157:103999
Lin H, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Cao R (2019) Determination of the stress field and crack initiation angle of an open flaw tip under uniaxial compression. Theor Appl Fract Mech 104:102358
Lin Q, Cao P, Liu Y, Cao R, Li J (2021) Mechanical behaviour of a jointed rock mass with a circular hole under compression-shear loading: experimental and numerical studies. Theor Appl Fract Mech 114:102998
Lin Q, Cao P, Meng J, Cao R, Zhao Z (2020) Strength and failure characteristics of jointed rock mass with double circular holes under uniaxial compression: insights from discrete element method modelling. Theor Appl Fract Mech 109:102692
Lisjak A, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Mahabadi OK, Grasselli G (2013) Numerical simulation of acoustic emission in brittle rocks by two-dimensional finite-discrete element analysis. Geophys J Int 195(1):423–443
Liu G, Cai M (2020) Modeling time-dependent deformation behavior of brittle rock using grain-based stress corrosion method. Comput Geotech 118:103323
Liu G, Peng J, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Yang Y (2020a) Numerical investigation of fluid-driven crack propagation and coalescence in granite specimen with two pre-existing flaws. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 75:103132
Liu JP, Li YH, Xu S, Jin CY, Liu ZS (2015a) Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission for cracking mechanisms in rock with a pre-cut circular hole under uniaxial compression. Eng Fract Mech 135:206–218
Liu L, Li H, Chen S, Shao Z, Zhou C, Fu S (2021c) Effects of bedding planes on mechanical characteristics and crack evolution of rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw. Eng Geol 293:106325
Liu L, Li H, Li X, Wu D, Zhang G (2021b) Underlying mechanisms of crack initiation for granitic rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw: insights from digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54(2):857–873
Liu L, Li H, Li X, Zhou C, Zhang G (2021a) Simulation on heterogeneous rocks with a flaw using grain-based discrete-element method. Géotechnique Letters 11(1):56–65
Liu L, Li H, Li X, Wu R (2020b) Full-field strain evolution and characteristic stress levels of rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw under uniaxial compression. Bull Eng Geol Env 79(6):3145–3161
Liu Q, Xu J, Liu X, Jiang J, Liu B (2015b) The role of flaws on crack growth in rock-like material assessed by AE technique. Int J Fract 193(2):99–115
Liu T, Lin B, Yang W, Zou Q, Kong J, Yan F (2016) Cracking process and stress field evolution in specimen containing combined flaw under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(8):3095–3113
Liu X, Liu Q, Liu B, Liu Q (2019) Acoustic emission characteristics of pre-cracked specimens under biaxial compression. J Geophys Eng 16(6):1164–1177
Lockner D (1993) The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture. In International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 30(7):883–899
Luo X, Cao P, Lin Q, Li S (2021) Mechanical behaviour of fracture-filled rock-like specimens under compression-shear loads: an experimental and numerical study. Theor Appl Fract Mech 113:102935
Ma J, Wu S, Zhang XP, Gan Y (2020) Modeling acoustic emission in the Brazilian test using moment tensor inversion. Comput Geotech 123:103567
Manouchehrian A, Cai M (2018) Numerical modeling of rockburst near fault zones in deep tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 80:164–180
Martin CD (1993) The strength of massive Lac du Bonnet granite around underground openings. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Manitoba. Manitoba, Canada.
Miao S, Pan PZ, Wu Z, Li S, Zhao S (2018) Fracture analysis of sandstone with a single filled flaw under uniaxial compression. Eng Fract Mech 204:319–343
Mogi K (1962) Magnitude frequency relations for elastic shocks accompanying fractures of various materials and some related problems in earthquakes. Bull Earthquake Res Inst Univ Tokyo 40:831–853
Moore DE, Lockner DA (1995) The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite. J Struct Geol 17(1):95–114
Ohnaka M, Mogi K (1982) Frequency characteristics of acoustic emission in rocks under uniaxial compression and its relation to the fracturing process to failure. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 87(B5):3873–3884
Pan PZ, Miao S, Jiang Q, Wu Z, Shao C (2020) The influence of infilling conditions on flaw surface relative displacement induced cracking behavior in hard rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(10):4449–4470
Park CH, Bobet A (2010) Crack initiation, propagation and coalescence from frictional flaws in uniaxial compression. Eng Fract Mech 77(14):2727–2748
Peng J, Wong LNY, Teh CI (2017) Influence of grain size heterogeneity on strength and microcracking behavior of crystalline rocks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 122(2):1054–1073
Peng J, Wong LNY, Teh CI, Li Z (2018) Modeling micro-cracking behavior of Bukit Timah granite using grain-based model. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(1):135–154
Peng J, Wong LNY, Zhang Y (2021) Influence of pore-like flaws on strength and microcracking behavior of crystalline rock. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 45(4):521–539
Potyondy DO (2010) A grain-based model for rock: approaching the true microstructure. Proceedings of rock mechanics in the Nordic Countries 9–12
Potyondy DO, Cundall PA (2004) A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(8):1329–1364
Qi S, Lan H, Martin D, Huang X (2020) Factors controlling the difference in Brazilian and direct tensile strengths of the Lac du Bonnet Granite. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(3):1005–1019
Quey R, Dawson PR, Barbe F (2011) Large-scale 3D random polycrystals for the finite element method: generation, meshing and remeshing. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 200(17–20):1729–1745
Saadat M, Taheri A (2019) Modelling micro-cracking behaviour of pre-cracked granite using grain-based distinct element model. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4669–4692
Saadat M, Taheri A (2020) A cohesive grain based model to simulate shear behaviour of rock joints with asperity damage in polycrystalline rock. Comput Geotech 117:103254
Sabri M, Ghazvinian A, Nejati HR (2016) Effect of particle size heterogeneity on fracture toughness and failure mechanism of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 81:79–85
Sajid M, Coggan J, Arif M, Andersen J, Rollinson G (2016) Petrographic features as an effective indicator for the variation in strength of granites. Eng Geol 202:44–54
Scholz CH (1968a) Experimental study of the fracturing process in brittle rock. J Geophys Res 73:1447–1454
Scholz CH (1968b) The frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 58(1):399–415
Scholz CH (2015) On the stress dependence of the earthquake b value. Geophys Res Lett 42:1399–1402
Shang J, West LJ, Hencher SR, Zhao Z (2018) Geological discontinuity persistence: implications and quantification. Eng Geol 241:41–54
Shan RL, Bai Y, Ju Y, Han TY, Dou HY, Li ZL (2021) Study on the triaxial unloading creep mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of red sandstone containing a single ice-filled flaw. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54(2):833–855
Sharafisafa M, Shen L, Zheng Y, Xiao J (2019) The effect of flaw filling material on the compressive behaviour of 3D printed rock-like discs. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 117:105–117
Shi C, Yang W, Yang J, Chen X (2019) Calibration of micro-scaled mechanical parameters of granite based on a bonded-particle model with 2D particle flow code. Granular Matter 21(2):1–13
Silver PG, Jordan TH (1982) Optimal estimation of scalar moment. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 70:755–787
Song Z, Konietzky H, Herbst M (2019) Bonded-particle model-based simulation of artificial rock subjected to cyclic loading. Acta Geotech 14(4):955–971
Sun W, Wu S, Xu X (2021) Mechanical behaviour of Lac du Bonnet granite after high-temperature treatment using bonded-particle model and moment tensor. Comput Geotech 135:104132
Tian WL, Yang SQ, Huang YH (2018) Macro and micro mechanics behavior of granite after heat treatment by cluster model in particle flow code. Acta Mech Sin 34(1):175–186
Villeneuve MC, Diederichs MS, Kaiser PK (2012) Effects of grain scale heterogeneity on rock strength and the chipping process. Int J Geomech 12(6):632–647
Wang M, Cao P (2017) Experimental study of crack growth in rock-like materials containing multiple parallel pre-existing flaws under biaxial compression. Geotech Geol Eng 35(3):1023–1034
Wang SY, Sloan SW, Sheng DC, Tang CA (2012) Numerical analysis of the failure process around a circular opening in rock. Comput Geotech 39:8–16
Wang X, Cai M (2018) Modeling of brittle rock failure considering inter-and intra-grain contact failures. Comput Geotech 101:224–244
Wang Y, Chang H, Wang J, Shi X, Qiu J (2019) Countermeasures to treat collapse during the construction of road tunnel in fault zone: a case study from the Yezhuping Tunnel in south Qinling. China Environmental Earth Sciences 78(15):1–16
Wang Y, Han JQ, Song ZY, Zhu C (2021b) Macro-meso failure behavior of pre-flawed hollow-cylinder granite under multi-level cyclic loads: insights from acoustic emission and post-test CT scanning. Eng Frac Mech 258:108074
Wang Y, Jing H, Su H, Xie J (2017) Effect of a fault fracture zone on the stability of tunnel-surrounding rock. Int J Geomech 17(6):04016135
Wang Z, Li Y, Cai W, Zhu W, Kong W, Dai F, Wang C, Wang K (2021a) Crack propagation process and acoustic emission characteristics of rock-like specimens with double parallel flaws under uniaxial compression. Theor Appl Fract Mech 114:102983
Wang Y, Yang HN, Han JQ, Zhu C (2022) Effect of rock bridge length on fracture and damage modelling in granite containing hole and fissures under cyclic uniaxial increasing-amplitude decreasing-frequency (CUIADF) loads. Int J Fatigue 106741
Wang Y, Zhang H, Lin H, Zhao Y, Li X, Liu Y (2020) Mechanical behavior and failure analysis of fracture-filled gneissic granite. Theor Appl Fract Mech 108:102674
Wasantha PLP, Bing D, Yang SQ, Xu T (2021) Numerical modelling of the crack-pore interaction and damage evolution behaviour of rocklike materials with pre-existing cracks and pores. Int J Damage Mech 30(5):720–738
Wei J, Zhu W, Guan K, Zhou J, Song JJ (2020) An acoustic emission data-driven model to simulate rock failure process. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(4):1605–1621
Wei Y, Anand L (2008) On micro-cracking, inelastic dilatancy, and the brittle-ductile transition in compact rocks: a micro-mechanical study. Int J Solids Struct 45(10):2785–2798
Wong LNY, Li HQ (2013) Numerical study on coalescence of two pre-existing coplanar flaws in rock. Int J Solids Struct 50(22–23):3685–3706
Wong LNY, Peng J (2020) Numerical investigation of micro-cracking behavior of brittle rock containing a pore-like flaw under uniaxial compression. Int J Damage Mech 29(10):1543–1568
Wong LNY, Zhang Y (2018) An extended grain-based model for characterizing crystalline materials: an example of marble. Advanced Theory and Simulations 1(8):1800039
Wu D, Li H, Shao Z, Chen S, Zhou C, Liu L (2021) Effects of infilling materials on mechanical behaviors and cracking process of pre-cracked rock: insights from a hybrid continuum-discontinuum method. Eng Fract Mech 253:107843
Xiong Q, Hampton JC (2020) Non–local triggering in rock fracture. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125(11):e2020JB020403
Xu C, Liu X, Wang E, Wang S (2021b) Calibration of the microparameters of rock specimens by using various machine learning algorithms. Int J Geomech 21(5):04021060
Xu G, Hu X, Tang R, Hou Z (2021a) Fracture evolution of transversely isotropic rocks with a pre-existing flaw under compression tests based on moment tensor analysis. Acta Geotechnica 1–35
Xu J, Xiao X, Lv X, Guo P, Peng Y (2020) Simulation of compression-induced shear-mode cracks in rocks based on experimental investigations performed on gypsum specimens. Bull Eng Geol Env 79(8):4309–4319
Yang J, Yang SQ, Liu GJ, Tian WL, Li Y (2021) Experimental study of crack evolution in prefabricated double-fissure red sandstone based on acoustic emission location. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources 7(1):1–20
Yang SQ, Tian WL, Huang YH, Ranjith PG, Ju Y (2016) An experimental and numerical study on cracking behavior of brittle sandstone containing two non-coplanar fissures under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(4):1497–1515
Yilmaz NG, Goktan RM, Kibici Y (2011) Relations between some quantitative petrographic characteristics and mechanical strength properties of granitic building stones. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 48:506–513
Yoon J (2007) Application of experimental design and optimization to PFC model calibration in uniaxial compression simulation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(6):871–889
You T, Zhu QZ, Li PF, Shao JF (2020) Incorporation of tension-compression asymmetry into plastic damage phase-field modeling of quasi brittle geomaterials. Int J Plast 124:71–95
Yu Y, Feng XT, Xu CJ, Chen BR, Xiao YX, Feng GL (2020) Spatial fractal structure of microseismic events for different types of rockburst in deeply buried tunnels. Int J Geomech 20(4):04020025
Zhai S, Su G, Yin S, Yan S, Wang Z, Yan L (2020) Fracture evolution during rockburst under true-triaxial loading using acoustic emission monitoring. Bull Eng Geol Env 79(9):4957–4974
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP (2020a) AE event rate characteristics of flawed granite: from damage stress to ultimate failure. Geophys J Int 222(2):795–814
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP (2020b) Forecasting catastrophic rupture in brittle rocks using precursory AE time series. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125(8):e2019JB019276
Zhang Q, Zhang XP, Ji PQ, Zhang H, Tang X, Wu Z (2020c) Study of interaction mechanisms between multiple parallel weak planes and hydraulic fracture using the bonded-particle model based on moment tensors. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 76:103176
Zhang Q, Zhang XP, Yang SQ (2021) A numerical study of acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone specimen containing a hole-like flaw under uniaxial compression. Eng Fract Mech 242:107430
Zhang XP, Wong LNY (2012) Cracking processes in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression: a numerical study based on parallel bonded-particle model approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(5):711–737
Zhang Y, Wong LNY, Chan KK (2019) An extended grain-based model accounting for microstructures in rock deformation. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124(1):125–148
Zhang XP, Wong LNY (2013) Loading rate effects on cracking behavior of flaw-contained specimens under uniaxial compression. Int J Fract 180(1):93–110
Zhang XP, Zhang Q, Wu S (2017) Acoustic emission characteristics of the rock-like material containing a single flaw under different compressive loading rates. Comput Geotech 83:83–97
Zhao C, Matsuda H, Morita C, Shen MR (2011) Study on failure characteristic of rock-like materials with an open-hole under uniaxial compression. Strain 47(5):405–413
Zhong Z, Wang Z, Zhao M, Du X (2020) Structural damage assessment of mountain tunnels in fault fracture zone subjected to multiple strike-slip fault movement. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 104:103527
Zhou XP, Bi J (2016) 3D numerical study on the growth and coalescence of pre-existing flaws in rocklike materials subjected to uniaxial compression. Int J Geomech 16(4):04015096
Zhou XP, Cheng H, Feng YF (2014) An experimental study of crack coalescence behaviour in rock-like materials containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(6):1961–1986
Zhou XP, Lian YJ, Wong LNY, Berto F (2018b) Understanding the fracture behavior of brittle and ductile multi-flawed rocks by uniaxial loading by digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech 199:438–460
Zhou XP, Wang YT, Zhang JZ, Liu FN (2019b) Fracturing behavior study of three-flawed specimens by uniaxial compression and 3D digital image correlation: sensitivity to brittleness. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(3):691–718
Zhou XP, Zhang JZ, Qian QH, Niu Y (2019a) Experimental investigation of progressive cracking processes in granite under uniaxial loading using digital imaging and AE techniques. J Struct Geol 126:129–145
Zhou XP, Zhang JZ, Wong LNY (2018a) Experimental study on the growth, coalescence and wrapping behaviors of 3D cross-embedded flaws under uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(5):1379–1400
Zhou XP, Zhang JZ, Yang SQ, Berto F (2021) Compression-induced crack initiation and growth in flawed rocks: a review. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 44(7):1681–1707
Zhou X, Wang L, Shou Y (2020) Understanding the fracture mechanism of ring Brazilian disc specimens by the phase field method. Int J Fract 226(1):17–43
Zhu WC, Liu JS, Tang CA, Zhao XD, Brady BH (2005) Simulation of progressive fracturing processes around underground excavations under biaxial compression. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 20(3):231–247
Zhuang X, Chun J, Zhu H (2014) A comparative study on unfilled and filled crack propagation for rock-like brittle material. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 72:110–120
Zhuang X, Zhou S (2020) An experimental and numerical study on the influence of filling materials on double-crack propagation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(12):5571–5591
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51778575) financially supported this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, X., Gong, X., Hu, H. et al. Cracking behavior and acoustic emission characteristics of heterogeneous granite with double pre-existing filled flaws and a circular hole under uniaxial compression: Insights from grain-based discrete element method modeling. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 162 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02665-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02665-4