Abstract
Anchored stabilizing piles (ASPs) are now extensively applied as an effective method in landslide treatment, but systematic studies ASPs in landslides are still lacking. The behavior of the ASPs in landslide during progressive loading was analyzed through a 1:50 similitude ratio model test, including the earth pressure, bending moment, shear force, distributed load, and anchor tension. Furthermore, a validated numerical model by the model test results in terms of the pile bending moment, anchor tension, and earth pressures behind the pile was utilized to conduct a parametric study of ASPs, including the embedded lengths of the pile, initial prestress of the anchor, and number of anchor levels. The results show that the landslide thrust distribution behind the piles changes from a rectangular shape to a parabolic shape with a large top and a small bottom during landslide evolution. The maximum positive bending moment occurs near the sliding surface. The variations in maximum positive bending moment and anchor tension all show three distinct phases: stable, rapid growth, and slow increase. The combined retaining mechanism of the stabilizing piles and anchor can be summarized as follows: the landslide thrust is mainly carried by the pile initially, and the anchor tension is gradually mobilized with increasing earth pressure to share the landslide thrust together with the pile and transferred to stable bedrock to ensure the stability of the landslide. The findings of this work are helpful for verifying and improving the present design of ASPs in landslide treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bilgin O (2010) Numerical studies of anchored sheet pile wall behavior constructed in cut and fill conditions. Comput Geotech 37:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.01.002
Cai F (2017) A subgrade reaction solution for anchored dowel piles to stabilize landslides. In: Aadvancing culture of living with landslides, vol 3. Advances in Landslide Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53487-9_53
Chen CY, Martin GR (2002) Soil-structure interaction for landslide stabilizing piles. Comput Geotech 29:363–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-352x(01)00035-0
Dai Z (2002) Study on distribution laws of landside-thrust and resistance of sliding mass acting on antislide piles. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 21:517–521
Degrande G, Praet E, Van Zegbroeck B, Van Marcke P (2002) Dynamic interaction between the soil and an anchored sheet pile during seismic excitation. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 26:605–631. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.214
Gazetas G, Garini E, Zafeirakos A (2016) Seismic analysis of tall anchored sheet-pile walls. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 91:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.031
Ghasemzadeh H, Tarzaban M, Hajitaheriha MM (2018) Numerical analysis of pile–soil–pile interaction in pile groups with batter piles. Geotech Geol Eng 36:2189–2215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0456-4
Guo W, Qin H (2010) Thrust and bending moment of rigid piles subjected to moving soil. Canadian Geotech J 47:180-196. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-092
He Y, Hazarika H, Yasufuku N, Teng J, Jiang Z, Han Z (2015) Estimation of lateral force acting on piles to stabilize landslides. Nat Hazards 79:1981–2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1942-0
He C, Hu X, Tannant DD, Tan F, Zhang Y, Zhang H (2018) Response of a landslide to reservoir impoundment in model tests. Eng Geol 247:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.10.021
He C, Hu X, Liu D, Xu C, Wu S, Wang X, Zhang H (2020) Model tests of the evolutionary process and failure mechanism of a pile-reinforced landslide under two different reservoir conditions. Eng Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105811
Hu X, Zhou C, Xu C, Liu D, Wu S, Li L (2019) Model tests of the response of landslide-stabilizing piles to piles with different stiffness. Landslides 16:2187–2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01233-4
Huang Y, Xu X, Liu J, Mao W (2020a) Centrifuge modeling of seismic response and failure mode of a slope reinforced by a pile-anchor structure. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106037
Huang Y, Xu X, Mao W (2020b) Numerical performance assessment of slope reinforcement using a pile-anchor structure under seismic loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105963
ITASCA Consulting Group I (2012) User manual for FLAC3D, version.5.0. Itasca Consulting Group Inc, Minnesota
Jia GW, Zhan TLT, Chen YM, Fredlund DG (2009) Performance of a large-scale slope model subjected to rising and lowering water levels. Eng Geol 106:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.03.003
Jian W, Xu Q, Yang H, Wang F (2014) Mechanism and failure process of Qianjiangping landslide in the three gorges reservoir. China Environ Earth Sci 72:2999–3013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3205-x
Kahyaoğlu MR, İmançlı G, Özden G, Kayalar AŞ (2017) Numerical simulations of landslide-stabilizing piles: a remediation project in Söke, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 76:656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6989-7
Kang G-C, Song Y-S, Kim T-H (2009) Behavior and stability of a large-scale cut slope considering reinforcement stages. Landslides 6:263–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0164-5
Li C et al (2016) Model testing of the response of stabilizing piles in landslides with upper hard and lower weak bedrock. Eng Geol 204:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.02.002
Li S, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Luo X (2018) Physical modelling and numerical analysis of slope instability subjected to reservoir impoundment of the three gorges. Environ Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7321-x
Lin M, Wang K (2006) Seismic slope behavior in a large-scale shaking table model test. Eng Geol 86: 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.011
Ling H, Ling HI (2012) Centrifuge model simulations of rainfall-induced slope instability. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138:1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000679
Lirer S (2012) Landslide stabilizing piles: experimental evidences and numerical interpretation. Eng Geol 149:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.08.002
Liu D, Hu X, Zhou C, Xu C, He C, Zhang H, Wang Q (2020) Deformation mechanisms and evolution of a pile-reinforced landslide under long-term reservoir operation. Eng Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105747
Liu S, Luo F, Zhang G (2021) Pile reinforcement behavior and mechanism in a soil slope under drawdown conditions. Bull Eng Geol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02191-9
Ma N, Wu H, Ma H, Wu X, Wang G (2019) Examining dynamic soil pressures and the effectiveness of different pile structures inside reinforced slopes using shaking table tests. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 116:293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.005
Paronuzzi P, Rigo E, Bolla A (2013) Influence of filling-drawdown cycles of the Vajont reservoir on Mt. Toc slope stability. Geomorphology 191:75–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.004
Qu H-L, Luo H, Hu H-G, Jia H-Y, Zhang D-Y (2018) Dynamic response of anchored sheet pile wall under ground motion: analytical model with experimental validation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 115:896–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.09.015
Shen Y, Yu Y, Ma F, Mi F, Xiang Z (2017) Earth pressure evolution of the double-row long-short stabilizing pile system. Environ Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6907-z
Smethurst JA, Powrie W (2007) Monitoring and analysis of the bending behaviour of discrete piles used to stabilise a railway embankment. Geotechnique 57:663–677. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.8.663
Song H, Cui W (2016) A large-scale colluvial landslide caused by multiple factors: mechanism analysis and phased stabilization. Landslides 13:321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0560-y
Song Y-S, Hong W-P, Woo K-S (2012) Behavior and analysis of stabilizing piles installed in a cut slope during heavy rainfall. Eng Geol 129:56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.01.012
Tan H, Jiao Z, Chen J (2018) Field testing and numerical analysis on performance of anchored sheet pile quay wall with separate pile-supported platform. Mar Struct 58:382–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.12.006
Tang H, Hu X, Xu C, Li C, Yong R, Wang L (2014) A novel approach for determining landslide pushing force based on landslide-pile interactions. Eng Geol 182:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.024
Tang H, Wasowski J, Juang CH (2019) Geohazards in the three Gorges Reservoir Area, China: lessons learned from decades of research. Eng Geol 2:61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105267
Wang C, Wang H, Jiao Y, Qin W, Tian H (2020) Optimal design of a high slope for Ice World and Water Park (IWWP) built over an abandoned quarry: a case study in Changsha of China. Geotech Geol Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01550-9
Wu F, Luo Y, Chang Z (2011) Slope reinforcement for housing in Three Gorges reservoir area. J Mt Sci 8:314–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2109-4
Wu R, Zhou H, Hu Y, Zhong Y, Li P, Yang J (2015) An improved method for calculating anti-sliding pile with prestressed anchor cable based on finite difference theory. Rock Soil Mech 36:1791–1800
Xu X, Huang Y (2021) Parametric study of structural parameters affecting seismic stability in slopes reinforced by pile-anchor structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 147:106789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106789
Yang S, Ren X, Zhang J (2011) Study on embedded length of piles for slope reinforced with one row of piles. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 3:167–178. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2011.00167
Zekri A, Ghalandarzadeh A, Ghasemi P, Aminfar MH (2015) Experimental study of remediation measures of anchored sheet pile quay walls using soil compaction. Ocean Eng 93:45–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.11.002
Zhang G, Wang LP, Wang YL (2017) Pile reinforcement mechanism of soil slopes. Acta Geotech 12:1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0543-3
Zhang Y, Hu X, Tannant DD, Zhang G, Tan F (2018) Field monitoring and deformation characteristics of a landslide with piles in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Landslides 15:581–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0945-9
Zhao B, Wang Y-S, Wang Y, Shen T, Zhai Y-C (2017) Retaining mechanism and structural characteristics of h type anti-slide pile (hTP pile) and experience with its engineering application. Eng Geol 222:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.018
Zhao G, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang G (2019a) A case study integrating field measurements and numerical analysis of high-fill slope stabilized with cast-in-place piles in Yunnan, China. Eng Geol 253:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.03.005
Zhao W, Du C, Sun L, Chen X (2019b) Field measurements and numerical studies of the behaviour of anchored sheet pile walls constructed with excavating and backfilling procedures. Eng Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105165
Zhong Z, Yong R, Tang H, Li C, Du S (2020) Experimental studies on the interaction mechanism of landslide stabilizing piles and sandwich-type bedrock. Landslides. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01570-9
Zhou C, Hu X-l, Zheng W-B, Xu C, Wang Q (2020) Displacement characteristic of landslides reinforced with flexible piles: field and physical model test. J Mt Sci 17:787–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5743-x
Zhou C, Shao W, van Westen CJ (2014) Comparing two methods to estimate lateral force acting on stabilizing piles for a landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Eng Geol 173:41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.02.004
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1501304) and China National Natural Science Foundation (41672314).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, C., Wang, H., Qin, W. et al. Experimental and numerical studies on the behavior and retaining mechanism of anchored stabilizing piles in landslides. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 7507–7524 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02391-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02391-3