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Hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental consequences of the extraction of nonrenewable groundwater in Jordan

Conséquences hydrogéologiques, hydrochimiques et environnementales de l’extraction d’eaux souterraines non renouvelables en Jordanie

Consecuencias hidrogeológicas, hidroquímicas y ambientales de la extracción de aguas subterráneas no renovables en Jordania

约旦不可再生地下水开采的水文地质、水文化学和环境影响

Consequências hidrogeológicas, hidroquímicas e ambientais da extração de águas subterrâneas não renováveis na Jordânia

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Abstract

In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area, groundwater overdraft has negative impacts and ramifications for not only the groundwater resources themselves but also for other environmental factors and for socio-economic continuity. Jordan is already facing negative consequences, without enough time for reversing the deteriorating situation. Exploitation of nonrenewable groundwater resources worldwide has been driven by increasing supply to household, industrial and agricultural sectors without adequately taking into account social, economic, ecological, geological, environmental and ethical considerations. This study analyses the development of the nonrenewable groundwater resources in Jordan and its consequences, to serve as a case study for what is happening in the MENA area. The consequences of such overexploitation in Jordan can be summarized as follows: declining groundwater levels; mobilization of salt-water bodies; ceasing or decreasing spring discharge; declining biodiversity with many ecological, environmental and socio-economic consequences leading to increasing unemployment and poverty; and land instability in the form of land subsidence and enhanced risk of earthquakes. The study concludes that the impacts and ramifications of overexploiting nonrenewable groundwater resources are generally irreversible, and the measures needed to stop the deteriorating state of groundwater resources are unavailable or unlikely to be implemented within the coming two decades. The question that remains is whether and when human actions can change from those of conquerors, invaders, and raiders to those of friends and lovers of the Earth.

Résumé

Dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord (MENA), la surexploitation des eaux souterraines a des répercussions et des ramifications négatives non seulement sur les ressources en eaux souterraines elles-mêmes, mais aussi sur d’autres facteurs environnementaux et sur la continuité socio-économique. La Jordanie est déjà confrontée à des conséquences négatives, sans disposer de suffisamment de temps pour inverser la tendance à la détérioration. L’exploitation des ressources en eaux souterraines non renouvelables dans le monde entier a été motivée par l’augmentation de l’approvisionnement des secteurs domestique, industriel et agricole, sans prendre en compte de manière adéquate les considérations sociales, économiques, écologiques, géologiques, environnementales et éthiques. Cette étude analyse le développement des ressources en eaux souterraines non renouvelables en Jordanie et ses conséquences, afin de servir d’étude de cas dans la région MENA. Les conséquences de cette surexploitation en Jordanie peuvent être résumées comme suit: diminution du niveau des eaux souterraines; mobilisation des masses d’eau salée; arrêt ou diminution de l’écoulement des sources; diminution de la biodiversité avec de nombreuses conséquences écologiques, environnementales et socio-économiques entraînant une augmentation du chômage et de la pauvreté; et instabilité des terres avec l’affaissement du sol et avec un risque accru de tremblements de terre. L’étude conclut que les impacts et les ramifications de la surexploitation des ressources en eaux souterraines non renouvelables sont généralement irréversibles, et que les mesures nécessaires pour arrêter la détérioration des ressources en eaux souterraines ne sont pas disponibles ou peu susceptibles d’être mises en œuvre dans les deux décennies à venir. La question qui demeure est de savoir si et quand les actions humaines peuvent passer du statut de conquérants, d’envahisseurs et de pilleurs à celui d’amis et d’amoureux de la Terre

Resumen

En la zona de Oriente Medio y Norte de África (MENA), la sobreexplotación de las aguas subterráneas tiene repercusiones y consecuencias negativas no sólo para los propios recursos hídricos subterráneos, sino también para otros factores ambientales y para la sostenibilidad socioeconómica. Jordania ya se enfrenta a consecuencias negativas, sin tiempo suficiente para invertir la situación de deterioro. La explotación de los recursos hídricos subterráneos no renovables en todo el mundo se ha visto impulsada por el aumento del suministro a los sectores doméstico, industrial y agrícola sin tener debidamente en cuenta consideraciones sociales, económicas, ecológicas, geológicas, ambientales y éticas. Este estudio analiza el desarrollo de los recursos hídricos subterráneos no renovables en Jordania y sus consecuencias, para que sirva de estudio de caso de lo que está ocurriendo en la zona MENA. Las consecuencias de esta sobreexplotación en Jordania pueden resumirse como sigue: Descenso del nivel de las aguas subterráneas; movilización de las masas de agua salada; cese o disminución de la descarga de los manantiales; disminución de la biodiversidad, con numerosas consecuencias ecológicas, ambientales y socioeconómicas que conducen a un aumento del desempleo y la pobreza; e inestabilidad de la tierra en forma de subsidencia del terreno y aumento del riesgo de terremotos. El estudio concluye que las repercusiones y consecuencias de la sobreexplotación de los recursos hídricos subterráneos no renovables son en general irreversibles, y que las medidas necesarias para detener el deterioro de los recursos hídricos subterráneos no están disponibles o es improbable que se apliquen en las próximas dos décadas. La cuestión que queda por resolver es si, y cuándo, las acciones humanas pueden pasar de ser las de unos conquistadores, invasores y saqueadores a las de unos amigos y amantes de la Tierra.

摘要

在中东和北非(MENA)地区,地下水超采对地下水资源本身以及其他环境因素和社会经济连续体都产生了负面影响。约旦已经面临负面效应,但没有足够的时间来扭转恶化的局势。全球范围内对不可再生地下水资源的开发受到了生活供应、工业和农业部门的不断增加的驱动,而没有充分考虑社会、经济、生态、地质、环境和道德等方面的因素。本研究分析了约旦不可再生地下水资源的开发及其后果,以作为MENA地区正在发生情况的案例研究。在约旦过度开采地下水资源的后果可以概括如下:地下水位下降;盐水的迁移;泉水流量的干涸或减少;生物多样性下降,带来许多生态、环境和社会经济后果,导致失业和贫困加剧;以及土地不稳定,表现为地面沉降和地震风险增加。研究发现论,过度开发不可再生地下水资源的影响和影响通常是不可逆转的,而在未来二十年内停止地下水资源恶化需要采取的措施不可能被实施。剩下的问题是人类行为是否能够从征服者、侵略者和掠夺者转变为地球的朋友和爱好者,以及何时能够实现这种转变。

Resumo

Na área do Oriente Médio e Norte de África (MENA), a superexploração das águas subterrâneas tem impactos e ramificações negativas não só para os próprios recursos de águas subterrâneas, mas também para outros fatores ambientais e para a continuidade socioeconómica. A Jordânia já enfrenta consequências negativas, sem tempo suficiente para reverter a deterioração da situação. A exploração de recursos hídricos subterrâneos não renováveis em todo o mundo tem sido impulsionada pelo aumento da oferta aos setores doméstico, industrial e agrícola, sem ter devidamente em conta considerações sociais, económicas, ecológicas, geológicas, ambientais e éticas. Este estudo analisa o desenvolvimento dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos não renováveis na Jordânia e as suas consequências, para servir como um estudo de caso para o que está a acontecer na área MENA. As consequências desta superexploração na Jordânia podem ser resumidas da seguinte forma: Declínio dos níveis das águas subterrâneas; mobilização de massas de água salgada; cessar ou diminuir a descarga das nascentes; declínio da biodiversidade com muitas consequências ecológicas, ambientais e socioeconómicas que levam ao aumento do desemprego e da pobreza; e instabilidade do solo sob a forma de subsidência e aumento do risco de terramotos. O estudo conclui que os impactos e ramificações da exploração excessiva dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos não renováveis são geralmente irreversíveis e que as medidas necessárias para travar o estado de deterioração dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos não estão disponíveis ou são pouco prováveis de serem implementadas nas próximas duas décadas. A questão que permanece é se e quando as ações humanas podem mudar das ações dos conquistadores, invasores e atacantes para as dos amigos e amantes da Terra.

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Salameh, E., Al-Alami, H. Hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental consequences of the extraction of nonrenewable groundwater in Jordan. Hydrogeol J 32, 81–95 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02739-x

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