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Impact of the unpredictable changes in agricultural groundwater use on long-term sustainable exploitation: the case study of Bouhefna-Haffouz aquifer system, central Tunisia

Impact des changements imprévisibles dans l’utilisation des eaux souterraines agricoles sur l’exploitation durable à long terme: étude de cas du système aquifère de Bouhefna-Haffouz, Tunisie centrale

Impacto de los cambios no previsibles en el uso agrícola de las aguas subterráneas sobre la explotación sostenible a largo plazo: estudio de caso del sistema acuífero Bouhefna-Haffouz, Túnez central

تأثير التغيرات الغير متوقعة في استخدام المياه الجوفية في الفلاحة على الاستغلال المستدام طويل الأمد: دراسة للطبقة المائية ببوحفنة-حفوز، وسط تونس

不可控的农业地下水利用变化对长期可持续利用的影响: 以突尼斯中部的Bouhefna-Haffouz含水层系统为例

O impacto de mudanças imprevisíveis no uso agrícola das águas subterrâneas em esquema de explotação sustentável de longo termo: o caso do sistema aquífero Bouhufna-Haffouz, Tunísia Central

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Abstract

Long-term exploitation schemes in many regions are often based solely on hydrodynamic factors, while the agricultural use of groundwater undergoes significant changes over time. The Bouhefna-Haffouz aquifer system in central Tunisia is one of those cases where an aquifer exploitation scheme was well designed hydrodynamically to address the political needs at the time. Fifty years later, a numerical groundwater model has been conducted to assess the sustainability of the scheme. Results show that the scheme aimed to lower the groundwater level to reduce overflow to Merguellil Wadi and maintain it at a level that benefits agricultural profitability. This caused loss of the Merguellil baseflow, forcing farmers to switch from traditional irrigation canals to deep wells and motor pumps, thereby disrupting the hydrological budget even further. The numerical model indicates that the flow to the wadi reached zero in 1978, the average flow by vertical leakage decreased from 8 hm3 in 1970 to 2 hm3 in 2020, and the horizontal percolation between the regional aquifer units increased from 1 hm3 in 1970 to 6 hm3 in 2020. Although the groundwater exploitation scheme was not previously considered a factor in local hydrological changes, the results of this study demonstrate the significant impact of societal behavior following the scheme’s implementation on the hydrological budget of Merguellil Wadi.

Résumé

Dans de nombreuses régions, les plans d’exploitation à long terme sont souvent basés uniquement sur des facteurs hydrodynamiques, alors que l’utilisation agricole des eaux souterraines subit des changements significatifs au fil du temps. Le système aquifère de Bouhefna-Haffouz, dans le centre de la Tunisie, est l’un des cas où un plan d’exploitation de l’aquifère a été bien conçu sur le plan hydrodynamique pour répondre aux besoins politiques de l’époque. Cinquante ans plus tard, un modèle numérique des eaux souterraines a été réalisé pour évaluer la durabilité du dispositif. Les résultats montrent que le dispositif visait à abaisser le niveau des eaux souterraines afin de réduire les débordements dans l’oued de Merguellil et de le maintenir à un niveau qui favorise la rentabilité de l’agriculture. Cela a entraîné une perte du débit de base du Merguellil, obligeant les agriculteurs à abandonner les canaux d’irrigation traditionnels au profit de puits profonds et de motopompes, ce qui a perturbé encore davantage le bilan hydrologique. Le modèle numérique indique que le débit vers l’oued a atteint zéro en 1978, que le débit moyen par fuite verticale a diminué de 8 hm3 en 1970 à 2 hm3 en 2020, et que la percolation horizontale entre les unités aquifères régionales a augmenté de 1 hm3 en 1970 à 6 hm3 en 2020. Bien que le plan d’exploitation des eaux souterraines n’ait pas été considéré auparavant comme un facteur de changements hydrologiques locaux, les résultats de cette étude démontrent l’impact significatif du comportement de la société suite à la mise en œuvre du dispositif sur le bilan hydrologique de l’oued de Merguellil.

Resumen

Los esquemas de explotación a largo plazo en muchas regiones suelen basarse únicamente en factores hidrodinámicos, mientras que el uso agrícola de las aguas subterráneas experimenta cambios significativos con el paso del tiempo. El sistema acuífero Bouhefna-Haffouz, en el centro de Túnez, es uno de esos casos en los que un esquema de explotación de acuíferos fue bien diseñado hidrodinámicamente para responder a las necesidades políticas del momento. Cincuenta años después, se ha realizado un modelo numérico de aguas subterráneas para evaluar la sostenibilidad del plan. Los resultados muestran que el plan pretendía reducir el nivel de las aguas subterráneas para disminuir el caudal del Merguellil Wadi y mantenerlo a un nivel que beneficiara la rentabilidad agrícola. Esto provocó la pérdida del caudal de base del Merguellil, obligando a los agricultores a cambiar los canales de riego tradicionales por pozos profundos y motobombas, lo que alteró aún más el balance hidrológico. El modelo numérico indica que el caudal hacia la rambla llegó a cero en 1978, el caudal medio por filtración vertical disminuyó de 8 hm3 en 1970 a 2 hm3 en 2020, y la percolación horizontal entre las unidades acuíferas regionales aumentó de 1 hm3 en 1970 a 6 hm3 en 2020. Aunque el esquema de explotación de las aguas subterráneas no se consideraba anteriormente un factor de los cambios hidrológicos locales, los resultados de este estudio demuestran el importante impacto del comportamiento de la sociedad tras la implantación del esquema en el balance hidrológico de la rambla del Merguellil.

خلاصة

摘要

在许多地区, 长期的开采计划通常仅基于水动力因素, 而地下水的农业利用随时间发生了重大变化。突尼斯中部的Bouhefna-Haffouz含水层系统就是这种情况之一, 该含水层的开采计划在水动力方面得到良好设计, 以满足当时的政治需求。五十年后, 进行了一项数值地下水模型研究, 以评估该计划的可持续性。研究结果表明, 该计划旨在降低地下水位, 减少向Merguellil Wadi的过流, 并将其保持在有利于农业盈利的水平上。这导致了Merguellil河的基流损失, 迫使农民从传统的灌溉渠道转向深井和电动泵, 从而进一步扰乱了水文预算。数值模型显示, 1978年流向河道的流量达到零, 垂直渗漏的平均流量从1970年的8 hm3减少到2020年的2 hm3, 区域含水层单元之间的水平径流从1970年的1 hm3增加到2020年的6 hm3。尽管以前未将地下水开采计划视为当地水文变化的因素, 但本研究的结果表明, 该计划实施后社会行为对Merguellil Wadi的水文均衡产生了重大影响。

Resumo

Esquemas de explotação de longo termo em algumas regiões são geralmente baseados exclusivamente em fatores hidrodinâmicos, enquanto que o uso agrícola das águas subterrâneas se altera significantemente no tempo. O sistema aquífero Bouhefna-Haffouz no centro da Tunísia é um destes casos onde a explotação de um aquífero foi bem projetado hidraulicamente para satisfazer os interesses políticos naquele momento. Cinquenta anos após, um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido para avaliar a sustentabilidade do esquema. O resultado mostrou que o esquema auxiliou o abaixamento do nível para reduzir o sobre fluxo para a Wadi Mergurllil e manter o nível para beneficiar a lucratividade da agricultura. Isto causou perdas do fluxo de base do Merguellil, forçando os agricultores a troca dos canais tradicionais de irrigação para poços profundos e bombas motorizadas, deste modo rompendo o balanço hídrico ainda mais. O modelo numérico indicou que o fluxo para o Wadi alcançou o zero em 1978, a variação do fluxo pela infiltração vertical diminuiu de 8 hm3, em 1970, para 2 hm3, em 2020, e a percolação horizontal entre o aquífero regional aumentou de 1 hm3, em 1970 para 6 hm3 em 2020. Embora o esquema de explotação não foi previamente considerada como fator de alteração hidrológica, os resultados deste estudo demostraram a alteração significativa no comportamento da sociedade que implementou o projeto de balanço hídrico no Wadi Merguellil.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the PRS team for the initial review of the English in the manuscript and the General Directorate of Water Resources and the National Company of Drinking Water Supply for their kind collaboration.

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This work was funded by the Research Institute for Development and The National Institute of Agronomy.

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Correspondence to Hamza Jerbi.

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Jerbi, H., Sebai, A., Massuel, S. et al. Impact of the unpredictable changes in agricultural groundwater use on long-term sustainable exploitation: the case study of Bouhefna-Haffouz aquifer system, central Tunisia. Hydrogeol J 31, 1181–1196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02661-2

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