Abstract
The widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW offers a range of software packages to simulate the interaction between streams and groundwater in aquifer systems. However, these existing packages lack a general method to address the chaotic simulation sequences of stream segments and require these segments to be ordered by modelers as input to the code. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate a stream network divided into a large number of segments such as a canal irrigation system. In this study, the Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) package was developed, and an effective method is proposed to automatically determine the segment simulation sequence. The stream segment order in the SAR input file is arbitrary, which allows modifications of the stream network by removing segments directly and adding segments at the end of the segment group. This mainly includes two processes: scanning all the outlet channels of the water system and calling the recursive algorithm for each outlet channel of the water system. The SAR package was tested using a hypothetical stream–aquifer system and applied to a complex flow field in Aiding Lake of Turpan Basin, China. In the results, a close fitting between the simulation and observations shows that the SAR package precisely simulated the exchange flux between the steams and aquifer. The SAR package can significantly improve the efficiency of simulations in a complex stream network, and it can be widely used as a subroutine package of MODFLOW in agricultural irrigation areas where rivers and canals are interlaced.
Résumé
Le modèle d’écoulement des eaux souterraines MODFLOW, largement utilisé, offre un ensemble de logiciels permettant de simuler l’interaction entre les cours d’eau et les eaux souterraines dans les systèmes aquifères. Cependant, ces progiciels existants ne disposent pas d’une méthode générale pour traiter les séquences de simulation chaotiques des segments de cours d’eau et nécessitent que ces segments soient ordonnés par les modélisateurs en entrée du code. Il est donc difficile de simuler un réseau de cours d’eau divisé en un grand nombre de segments, comme un système d’irrigation par canaux. Dans cette étude, le progiciel de routage automatique des débits des cours d’eau (Streamflow Automatic Routing) (SAR) a été développé, et une méthode efficace est proposée pour déterminer automatiquement la séquence de simulation du segment. L’ordre des segments de cours d’eau dans le fichier d’entrée SAR est arbitraire, ce qui permet de modifier le réseau de cours d’eau en supprimant des segments directement et en ajoutant des segments à la fin du groupe de segments. Cela comprend principalement deux processus: le balayage de tous les canaux de sortie du système d’eau et l’appel de l’algorithme récursif pour chaque canal de sortie du système d’eau. Le progiciel SAR a été testé en utilisant un système hypothétique de cours d’eau et d’aquifère et appliqué à un champ d’écoulement complexe dans le lac Aiding du bassin de Turpan, en Chine. Les résultats montrent une bonne adéquation entre la simulation et les observations démontrant que le progiciel SAR a précisément simulé le flux d’écoulements échangés entre les cours d’eau et l’aquifère. Le progiciel SAR peut améliorer de manière significative l’efficacité des simulations dans un réseau complexe de cours d’eau, et il peut être largement utilisé en tant que progiciel de sous-routines de MODFLOW dans les zones d’irrigation agricole où les rivières et les canaux sont entrelacés.
Resumen
El modelo de flujo de aguas subterráneas MODFLOW, ampliamente utilizado, ofrece una serie de paquetes de software para simular la interacción entre cursos de agua y aguas subterráneas en sistemas acuíferos. Sin embargo, estos paquetes disponibles carecen de un método general para abordar las secuencias caóticas de simulación de los segmentos de los cursos de agua y requieren que estos segmentos sean ordenados por los modeladores como entrada al código. Por lo tanto, es un reto simular una red de cursos dividida en un gran número de segmentos, como un sistema de riego por canales. En este estudio, se ha desarrollado el paquete Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) y se propone un método eficaz para determinar automáticamente la secuencia de simulación de los segmentos. El orden de los segmentos del curso de agua en el archivo de entrada del SAR es arbitrario, lo que permite modificar la red del curso eliminando segmentos directamente y añadiendo segmentos al final del grupo de segmentos. Esto incluye principalmente dos procesos: escanear todos los canales de salida del sistema de agua y solicitar el algoritmo recursivo para cada canal de salida del sistema de agua. El paquete SAR se probó utilizando un sistema hipotético de curso de agua-acuífero y se aplicó a un campo de flujo complejo en el lago Aiding de la cuenca de Turpan (China). Los resultados muestran que la simulación y las observaciones se ajustan a la perfección, y que el paquete SAR simula con precisión el flujo de intercambio entre el curso de agua y el acuífero. El paquete SAR puede mejorar significativamente la eficiencia de las simulaciones en una red compleja de cursos de agua, y puede ser ampliamente utilizado como un paquete de subrutinas de MODFLOW en áreas de riego agrícola donde los ríos y los canales están entrelazados.
摘要
作为广泛使用的地下水流模型, MODFLOW提供了一系列软件包来模拟河流与含水层系统中地下水的相互作用。然而, 这些现有的软件包缺乏通用的方法来解决河段的混沌模拟序列, 并要求建模者对这些河段进行排序作为代码的输入。因此, 模拟划分为大量河段的河流网络(例如渠道灌溉系统)具有挑战性。在本研究中, 开发了河流自动路径包(SAR), 并提出了自动确定河段模拟序列的有效方法。SAR输入文件中的河段顺序是任意的, 可以允许通过直接删除河段并在河段组的末尾添加河段来修改河段网络。这主要包括两个过程:扫描水系统的所有出水通道, 以及对水系统的每个出水通道调用递归算法。使用假设的河流-含水层系统对SAR包进行了测试, 并将其应用于中国吐鲁番盆地艾丁湖复杂流场。模拟和观测结果的良好匹配表明SAR包精确模拟了河流和含水层之间的交互通量。SAR包可以显著提高复杂河流网络的模拟效率, 可广泛作为MODFLOW子程序包应用于河流和渠道交错的农业灌溉区。
Resumo
O modelo de fluxo de águas subterrâneas amplamente utilizado, MODFLOW oferece uma variedade de pacotes de software para simular a interação entre o fluxo e o sistema aquífero subterrâneo. No entanto, esses pacotes existentes carecem de um método geral para abordar a sequência caótica de simulação de segmentos de fluxo e exigem que esses segmentos sejam ordenados por modeladores como entrada para o código. Portanto, é um desafio simular uma rede de córregos dividida em um grande número de segmentos, como um sistema de irrigação de canais. Neste estudo, um pacote Roteamento Automático de Fluxo (Streamflow Automatic Routing - SAR) foi desenvolvido e um método eficaz foi proposto para determinar automaticamente a sequência de simulação de segmento. A ordem dos segmentos de fluxo no arquivo de entrada SAR é arbitrária, o que permite modificações na rede de fluxo removendo segmentos diretamente e adicionando segmentos no final do grupo de segmentos. Isso inclui principalmente dois processos: escanear todos os canais de saída do sistema de água e chamar o algoritmo recursivo para cada canal de saída do sistema de água. O pacote SAR foi testado usando um sistema hipotético aquífero e aplicado a um campo de fluxo complexo no Lago Aiding da Bacia de Turpan. Nos resultados, um ajuste próximo entre a simulação e as observações mostra que o pacote SAR simulou com precisão o fluxo de troca entre os vapores e o aquífero. O pacote SAR pode melhorar significativamente a eficiência das simulações em uma complexa rede de córregos, e pode ser amplamente utilizado como um pacote de sub-rotina do MODFLOW em áreas de irrigação agrícola onde rios e canais são entrelaçados.
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We acknowledge the reviewers and editors for their valuable advice on improving the quality of this paper.
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Financial support for this work was provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC3000205), and the Applied Technology Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province (GA19C005).
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Xu, C., Wu, C., Li, T. et al. An automatic ordering method for streams in surface-water/groundwater interaction modeling. Hydrogeol J 30, 1789–1800 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02531-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02531-3