Abstract
Beijing is a major metropolis in China, which shows characteristics of significant land subsidence because of long-term overexploitation of groundwater. Since the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Central Route was first operated in December 2014, it has provided Beijing with a new source of water. In this study, a variety of monitoring data has been used to analyze the changes in the groundwater flow field and land subsidence when comparing the conditions before and after the Water Diversion Project started, and to study the stress-strain characteristics of the soil layers at different depths under different water-level-change modes. Meanwhile, causes of the large residual deformation and hysteresis deformation of the cohesive soils are discussed. The study reveals that after the operation of the Water Diversion Project, the area of the groundwater depression cone and the rate of land subsidence in the Beijing Plain showed an overall decreasing trend. The deformation characteristics of different lithological soil layers under different water-level-change modes can be summarized into four categories. The sand layer is mainly characteristic of elastic deformation. The cohesive soil layers of different depths have elastic, plastic and creep deformation, and the viscoelastic-plastic characteristics are obvious. The large residual deformation and hysteresis deformation of the cohesive soil layer are mainly caused by two factors: firstly, the inelastic water storage rate is greater than the elastic water storage rate, and secondly, the cohesive soil has weak permeability.
Résumé
Pékin est une grande métropole chinoise, qui présente des caractéristiques d’affaissement important des terrains en raison de la surexploitation à long terme des eaux souterraines. Depuis que la Route Centrale du Projet de Dérivation des Eaux du sud au nord a été mise en service en décembre 2014, une nouvelle source d’eau alimente Pékin. Dans cette étude, une variété de données de surveillance a été utilisée pour analyser les changements au niveau de l’organisation des écoulements des eaux souterraines et de l’affaissement des terrains en comparant les conditions avant et après le début du Projet de Dérivation des Eaux, et pour étudier les caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation des couches de sol à différentes profondeurs pour différents modes de changement de niveau d’eau piézométrique. Parallèlement, les causes de la grande déformation résiduelle et de la déformation par hystérésis de terrains homogènes sont examinées. L’étude révèle qu’après la mise en service du Projet de Dérivation des Eaux, la zone du cône de dépression des eaux souterraines et le taux d’affaissement des terraines dans la plaine de Pékin ont montré une tendance générale à la diminution. Les caractéristiques de déformation des différentes couches lithologiques sous différents modes de changement de niveau d’eau souterraine peuvent être résumées en quatre catégories. La couche de sable est principalement caractérisée par une déformation élastique. Les couches de sol homogène à différentes profondeurs présentent une déformation élastique, plastique et par fluage, et les caractéristiques viscoélastiques-plastiques sont nettes. La grande déformation résiduelle et la déformation par hystérésis de la couche de sol homogène sont principalement causées par deux facteurs: premièrement, le taux de stockage d’eau inélastique est plus grand que le taux de stockage d’eau élastique, et deuxièmement, le sol homogène a une faible perméabilité.
Resumen
Pekín es una de las principales metrópolis de China, que presenta características de subsidencia significativa del terreno debido a la sobreexplotación a largo plazo de las aguas subterráneas. Desde que el proyecto de desvío de agua del sur al norte de la ruta central empezó a funcionar en diciembre de 2014, ha proporcionado a Pekín una nueva fuente de agua. En este estudio, se ha utilizado una variedad de datos de monitoreo para analizar los cambios en el campo de flujo de las aguas subterráneas y la subsidencia del terreno al comparar las condiciones antes y después del inicio del Proyecto de Desvío de Agua, y para estudiar las características de tensión-deformación de las capas del suelo a diferentes profundidades bajo diferentes modos de cambio de nivel de agua. Al mismo tiempo, se discuten las causas de la gran deformación residual y la deformación de histéresis de los suelos cohesivos. El estudio revela que, tras el funcionamiento del Proyecto de Desvío de Aguas, el área del cono de depresión de las aguas subterráneas y la tasa de hundimiento del terreno en la llanura de Pekín mostraron una tendencia general a la baja. Las características de deformación de las diferentes capas litológicas del suelo bajo diferentes modos de cambio de nivel de agua pueden resumirse en cuatro categorías. La capa de arena se caracteriza principalmente por su deformación elástica. Las capas de suelo cohesivo de diferentes profundidades tienen deformación elástica, plástica y de fluencia, y las características viscoelásticas-plásticas son evidentes. La fuerte deformación residual y la deformación de histéresis de la capa de suelo cohesivo se deben principalmente a dos factores: en primer lugar, la tasa de almacenamiento de agua inelástica es mayor que la tasa de almacenamiento de agua elástica, y en segundo lugar, el suelo cohesivo tiene una permeabilidad débil.
摘要
北京是我国的特大城市, 地下水长期超采产生了明显的地面沉降特征。南水北调中线工程自2014年12月开通以来, 为北京提供了新的水源。本研究采用多种监测数据, 对比调水工程开工前后的条件, 分析地下水流场和地面沉降的变化, 研究了工程前后土层在不同水位变化模式下的不同深度的应力-应变特征。同时, 讨论了粘性土大残余变形和滞后变形的原因。研究表明, 调水工程运行后, 北京平原地下水降落漏斗面积和地面沉降速率总体呈下降趋势。不同水位变化模式下不同岩性土层的变形特征可归纳为四类。砂层以弹性变形为主。不同深度的黏性土层具有弹性、塑性和蠕变变形, 粘弹塑性特征明显。粘性土层较大的残余变形和滞后变形主要是由两个因素造成的:一是非弹性储水率大于弹性储水率, 二是粘性土渗透性弱。
Resumo
Pequim é uma grande metrópole na China, que apresenta características de subsidência significativa de terras devido à superexploração de longo prazo das águas subterrâneas. Desde que a Rota Central do Projeto de Transposição de Água Sul-Norte foi operada pela primeira vez em dezembro de 2014, forneceu a Pequim uma nova fonte de água. Neste estudo, uma variedade de dados de monitoramento foi usada para analisar as mudanças no campo de fluxo de água subterrânea e subsidência de terreno ao comparar as condições antes e depois do início do Projeto de Transposição de Água e para estudar as características de tensão-deformação das camadas do solo em profundidades diferentes sob diferentes modos de mudança de nível de água. Enquanto isso, as causas da grande deformação residual e deformação por histerese dos solos coesivos são discutidas. O estudo revela que após a operação do Projeto de Transposição de Água, a área do cone de depressão do lençol freático e a taxa de subsidência de terreno na Planície de Pequim mostraram uma tendência geral de diminuição. As características de deformação de diferentes camadas litológicas do solo sob diferentes modos de mudança de nível de água podem ser resumidas em quatro categorias. A camada de areia é principalmente característica de deformação elástica. As camadas coesivas do solo de diferentes profundidades apresentam deformação elástica, plástica e fluência, e as características viscoelástico-plásticas são óbvias. A grande deformação residual e a deformação por histerese da camada coesiva do solo são causadas principalmente por dois fatores: primeiro, a taxa de armazenamento de água inelástica é maior que a taxa de armazenamento de água elástica e, em segundo lugar, o solo coesivo tem permeabilidade fraca.
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17 June 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02653-2
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Acknowledgements
We thank the editor, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and valuable comments on the paper.
Funding
This research is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Grant No. 8212042), Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41831293 and 41771455), Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (Grant No. BJJWZYJH01201910028032) and Beijing Youth Top Talent Project.
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Lei, K., Ma, F., Chen, B. et al. Characteristics of land-subsidence evolution and soil deformation before and after the Water Diversion Project in Beijing, China. Hydrogeol J 30, 1111–1134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02489-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02489-2