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Litho-structural conditioning in the exploration of fractured aquifers: a case study in the Crystalline Basement Aquifer System of Brazil

Conditionnement litho-structural dans l’exploration des aquifères fracturés: une étude de cas dans le système aquifère de socle cristallin du Brésil

Condiciones litoestructurales en la exploración de acuíferos fracturados: un estudio de caso en el Sistema Acuífero del Basamento Cristalino de Brasil

裂隙含水层开发中岩石结构条件研究:以巴西结晶基底含水层系统为例

Condicionantes litoestruturais na exploração de aquíferos fraturados: estudo de caso no Sistema Aquífero Embasamento Cristalino, Brasil

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Abstract

Productive regions in the Crystalline Basement Aquifer System (CBAS) in Paraná state, Brazil, were identified qualitatively and quantitatively through spatial correlation of wells and geological conditions such as lineaments, hydrography, aeromagnetometry and lithology. Different methods applied in Precambrian metamorphic and igneous aquifers around the world and some Brazilian states were integrated and applied in CBAS with the aim of understanding the best scale and approach to productivity. The median productivity of the 224 wells analyzed is 0.29 m3/h/m. Under a multi-scale regional assessment, the results showed that the best condition is associated with the distance of 350 m from the lineaments (1:100,000), especially those with directions N40W, N10E and N70E. Considering the hydrolithological units, gneisses are the most productive, especially where lineaments coincide with regional structures such as shear zones, foliations and Cenozoic tectonic reactivations. Quartzites, granitoids, schists, phyllites, and rhyolites were also favorable when close to important rivers and not necessarily coinciding with regional lineaments, the high density of lineaments, or with vertical fractures. The areas of intersection of the lineaments and the weathering mantle did not serve as a discriminatory parameter. As the median depths of the water wells reach 90 m from the surface, the extraction of oriented magnetic gradients referred to magnetic sources down to 800 m depth, thus corroborating surface mapped lineaments and new nonoutcroppable structures. Considering the complexity of the environment and the global use of groundwater from fractured aquifers, this work contributed by discriminating geospatial parameters to decrease the exploratory risk in CBAS.

Résumé

Les régions productives du système aquifère du socle cristallin (CBAS) ont été identifiées dans l’État du Paraná, au Brésil, qualitativement et quantitativement, par la corrélation spatiale des puits et des conditions géologiques, telles que les linéaments, l’hydrographie, l’aéromagnétométrie et la lithologie. Différentes méthodes appliquées dans les aquifères métamorphiques et ignés précambriens du monde entier et de certains États brésiliens ont été intégrées et appliquées dans le CBAS dans le but de comprendre la meilleure échelle et approche de la productivité. La productivité médiane des 224 puits analysés est de 0.29 m3/h/m. Dans le cadre d’une évaluation régionale multi-échelle, les résultats ont montré que la meilleure condition est associée à la distance de 350 m des linéaments (1:100,000), en particulier ceux ayant des directions N40W, N10E et N70E. En ce qui concerne les unités hydrolithologiques, les gneiss sont les plus productifs, en particulier lorsque les linéaments coïncident avec des structures régionales, telles que les zones de cisaillement, les foliations et les réactivations tectoniques du Cénozoïque. Les quartzites, granitoïdes, schistes, phyllites et rhyolites sont également favorables lorsqu’ils sont proches de rivières importantes et ne coïncident pas nécessairement avec des linéaments régionaux, avec une forte densité de linéaments ou avec des fractures verticales. Les zones d’intersection des linéaments et du manteau d’altération n’ont pas servi de paramètre discriminatoire. Comme les profondeurs médianes des puits atteignent 90 m de profondeur, l’extraction des gradients magnétiques orientés se référant à des sources magnétiques situées jusqu’à 800 m de profondeur, corrobore ainsi les linéaments cartographiés en surface et de nouvelles structures non affleurantes. Compte tenu de la complexité de l’environnement et de l’utilisation globale des eaux souterraines provenant d’aquifères fracturés, ces travaux ont contribué, en discriminant les paramètres géospatiaux, à diminuer le risque d’exploration dans le CBAS.

Resumen

Las regiones productivas del Sistema Acuífero de Basamento Cristalino (CBAS) en el estado de Paraná (Brasil) se identificaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente mediante la correlación espacial de los pozos y las condiciones geológicas, como lineamientos, hidrografía, aeromagnetometría y litología. Se integraron y aplicaron diferentes métodos en los acuíferos precámbricos de rocas metamórficas e ígneas de todo el mundo y de algunos estados brasileños en el CBAS con el fin de comprender mejor la escala y el enfoque de la productividad. La productividad media de los 224 pozos analizados es de 0.29 m3/h/m. En una evaluación regional a múltiples escalas, los resultados mostraron que la mejor condición se asocia a la distancia de 350 m de los lineamientos (1:100,000), especialmente los que tienen direcciones N40W, N10E y N70E. Teniendo en cuenta las unidades hidrolitológicas, los gneisses son los más productivos, especialmente cuando los lineamientos coinciden con las estructuras regionales, como las zonas de cizallamiento, las foliaciones y las reactivaciones tectónicas cenozoicas. Las cuarcitas, granitoides, esquistos, filitas y riolitas también fueron favorables cuando estaban cerca de ríos importantes y no necesariamente coincidían con lineamientos regionales, la alta densidad de lineamientos o con fracturas verticales. Las áreas de intersección de los lineamientos y el manto de meteorización no sirvieron como parámetro discriminatorio. Como las profundidades medias de los pozos de agua alcanzan los 90 m desde la superficie, la obtención de gradientes magnéticos orientados se refirió a fuentes magnéticas hasta 800 m de profundidad, corroborando así los lineamientos cartografiados de la superficie y las nuevas estructuras no extraíbles. Considerando la complejidad del medio ambiente y el uso global de las aguas subterráneas de los acuíferos fracturados, esta labor contribuyó, mediante la discriminación de los parámetros geoespaciales, a disminuir el riesgo exploratorio en el CBAS.

摘要

通过井和地质条件(例如特征线, 水文, 航空磁法和岩性)的空间相关性, 定性和定量地确定了巴西Paraná州结晶基底含水层系统(CBAS)的富水区。为了了解最佳的规模和开采方法, 将全球和巴西一些州在前寒武纪变质和火成岩含水层中使用的不同方法进行了整合并应用到CBAS中。分析的224口井的产水量中位数为0.29 m3/h/m。多尺度区域评估结果表明, 最佳条件与距特征线350 m(1:100,000)的距离, 尤其是N40W, N10E和N70E方向。考虑到水力岩性单元, 片麻岩最富水, 特别是在特征线与区域结构一致的地方, 例如剪切带, 页岩和新生代构造再活化。当靠近重要河流且不一定与区域构造, 高密度构造或垂直裂缝相吻合时, 石英岩, 花岗岩, 片岩, 片岩和流纹岩也是有益于富水。特征线与风化地幔的接触面不作为判别参数。当水井的深度中值距地面达90 m时, 定向磁梯度的提取是指深度到800 m的磁源, 从而证实了表面形成的特征线和新的非露头构造。考虑到环境的复杂性和裂隙含水层地下水的广泛使用, 这项工作通过区分地理空间参数有利于降低CBAS的开发风险。

Resumo

Regiões produtivas no Sistema Aquífero Embasamento Cristalino (SAEC), estado do Paraná, Brasil, foram identificadas qualitativa e quantitativamente através da correlação espacial de poços e condicionantes geológicos, tais como lineamentos, hidrografia, aeromagnetometria e litologia. Diferentes métodos aplicados em aquíferos associados a rochas ígneas e metamórficas pré-cambrianas pelo mundo, e alguns estados brasileiros, foram integrados e aplicados no SAEC, com objetivo de compreender a melhor escala para análise da produtividade. A mediana de produtividade de 224 poços analisados é 0.29 m3/h/m. Sob uma avaliação regional multiescala, os resultados mostraram que a melhor condição está associada com a distância de 350 m dos lineamentos (1:100,000), especialmente aqueles com direções N40W, N10E e N70E. Considerando as unidades hidrolitológica, gnaisses são os mais produtivos, especialmente quando os lineamentos coincidem com estruturas regionais, tais como zonas de cisalhamentos, foliações e reativações tectônicas cenozoicas. Quartzitos, granitoides, xistos, filitos e riolitos também foram favoráveis quando próximos a importantes rios e não necessariamente coincidentes com lineamentos regionais, alta densidade de lineamentos ou com fraturas verticais. As áreas de intersecção dos lineamentos e o manto de intemperismo não serviram como um parâmetro discriminatório. À medida que as profundidades medianas dos poços alcançam 90 metros, a extração de gradientes magnéticos orientados refere-se a fontes magnéticas de até 800 m de profundidade, corroborando, portanto, com lineamentos mapeados em superfície, e estruturas não aflorantes. Considerando a complexidade do meio e o uso global das águas subterrâneas de aquíferos fraturados, este trabalho contribuiu discriminando parâmetros geoespaciais para diminuir o risco exploratório no SAEC.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Hydrogeological Research Laboratory (LPH/UFPR) for its support and guidance; the Applied Geophysics Research Laboratory (LPGA/UFPR), for technical support and granting the program license; and the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), for providing the airborne geophysical data and co-orientation.

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The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), is thanked for financial assistance via grant number 40001016028P5.

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Pires, C.A., Athayde, G.B., de Souza Filho, O.A. et al. Litho-structural conditioning in the exploration of fractured aquifers: a case study in the Crystalline Basement Aquifer System of Brazil. Hydrogeol J 29, 1657–1678 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02312-4

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