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Connectivity of fractures and groundwater flows analyses into the Western Andean Front by means of a topological approach (Aconcagua Basin, Central Chile)

Analyses de la connectivité de fractures et des écoulements souterrains dans le Front Andin Occidental par une approche topologique (Bassin de l’Aconcagua, Chili Central)

Análisis de conectividad de fracturas y circulación de agua subterránea en el Frente Occidental Andino mediante un enfoque topológico (Cuenca del Aconcagua, Chile Central)

用拓扑方法研究断裂和地下水向Andean前缘西部的流动之间的联系(智利中部Aconcagua盆地)

Analisi della connettività delle fratture e flussi di acque sotterranee nel Fronte Andino Occidentale mediante un approccio topologico (Bacino del Aconcagua, Cile Centrale)

Conectividade de fraturas e fluxos de águas subterrâneas na Frente Andina Ocidental por meio de uma abordagem topológica (Bacia do Aconcágua, Chile Central)

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Abstract

The misunderstanding of hydrogeological processes together with the oversimplification of aquifer conceptual models result in numerous inaccuracies in the management of groundwater resources. In Central Chile (32–36°S), hydrogeological studies have exclusively focused to alluvial aquifers in valleys (~15% of total area) and mountain-front zones remain considered as no-flux boundary conditions. By a topological approach and an analysis of fractures, the hydrogeological potential of the Western Andean Front along the N–S-oriented Pocuro Fault Zone (PFZ) in the Aconcagua Basin were determined. Perennial springs (23) show evidence of groundwater flows into the fractured Principal Cordillera. Topology allows for quantification of the density of connected fractures within the fault zone and its relationship with groundwater circulation. The study results highlight two areas where the density of fractures and connected nodes (Nc) is high (>2.4 km/km2, 2.5 Nc/km2). Both areas are topologically related to the main springs of the PFZ: Termas de Jahuel (discharge ~14.0 m3/h at 22 °C) and Termas El Corazón (discharge ~7.2 m3/h at 20 °C). Outcrop-scale mapping reveals that groundwater outflows from NW–SE fractures, which is consistent with the preferential orientation of the fracture network (N30–60 W) within the PFZ. The results indicate that oblique basement faults are discrete high-permeability structures conducting groundwater across the Western Andean Front from the Principal Cordillera up to adjacent alluvial aquifers (focused recharge). Therefore, the simplistic hydrogeological view of the Western Andean Front (i.e. impervious limit) is partially erroneous.

Résumé

L’incompréhension des systèmes hydrogéologiques et la simplification à outrance de leurs modèles conceptuels résultent en de nombreuses erreurs de gestion des ressources en eau souterraine. Dans le Centre du Chili (32–36°S), les études hydrogéologiques ont été exclusivement portées sur les aquifères alluviaux dans les vallées (~15 % de la surface totale), et les zones de front de montagne sont quant à elles encore considérées comme des limites à flux nul. À travers une approche topologique et l’analyse du réseau de fractures, il a été déterminé le potentiel hydrogéologique du Front Andin Occidental le long de la Zone de Faille Pocuro (orientée N–S) dans le Bassin de l’Aconcagua. La présence de sources pérennes (23) montre l’existence d’écoulements au sein des fractures de la Cordillère Principal. L’approche topologique permet de quantifier la densité de fractures connectées au sein de la zone de faille ainsi que sa relation avec la circulation des eaux souterraines. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent deux zones où la densité de fractures et de nœuds connectés (Nc) est élevée (>2.4 km/km2, 2.5 Nc/km2). Ces deux zones sont topologiquement liées aux deux principales sources de la Zone de Faille Pocuro: Termas de Jahuel (débit ~14.0 m3/h à 22 °C) et Termas El Corazón (débit ~7.2 m3/h à 20 °C). À l’échelle de l’affleurement, les mesures révèlent que les eaux souterraines circulent par des fractures orientées NW–SE, ce qui est cohérent avec l’orientation préférentielle du réseau de fractures (N30–60W) au sein de la Zone de Faille Pocuro. Les résultats montrent que les failles de socle obliques sont des structures discrètes de hautes-perméabilités drainant les eaux souterraines à travers le Front Andin Occidental, depuis la Cordillère Principale jusqu’aux aquifères alluviaux adjacents (recharge focalisée). Par conséquent, la vision hydrogéologique simplifiée du Front Andin Occidental, considéré jusqu’ici comme une limite à flux nul, est en partie erronée.

Resumen

La poca compresión de los procesos hidrogeológicos junto a la simplificación excesiva de los modelos conceptuales da lugar a numerosas imprecisiones en la gestión de los recursos hídricos. En Chile Central (32–36°S), los estudios hidrogeológicos se han centrado exclusivamente en los acuíferos aluviales ubicados en los valles (~15 % del área total de Chile) y las zonas de frente de montaña son consideradas como condición de borde sin flujo. Por medio de una aproximación topológica y un análisis de fracturas, se determinó el potencial hidrogeológico del Frente Occidental Andino a lo largo de la Zona de Falla Pocuro (ZFP) de orientación N–S en la Cuenca del Aconcagua. En esta zona 23 manantiales de caudal permanente evidencian la circulación de agua subterránea en las rocas fracturadas de la Cordillera Principal. La topología ha permitido la cuantificación de la densidad de fracturas conectadas dentro de la zona de falla y su relación con la circulación de agua subterránea. Los resultados de este estudio muestran dos áreas donde la densidad de fracturas y nodos de conexión (Nc) es alta (>2.4 km/km2, 2.5 Nc/km2). Ambas áreas están relacionadas topológicamente con los manantiales principales de la ZFP: Termas de Jahuel (caudal ~14.0 m3/h a 22 °C) y Termas El Corazón (caudal ~7.2 m3/h a 20 °C). El mapeo a escala de afloramiento revela que el agua subterránea circula por fracturas de orientación NO–SE, lo cual es consistente con la orientación preferencial de la red de fracturas dentro de la ZFP (N30–60O). Los resultados indican que las fallas oblicuas de basamento son estructuras discretas de alta permeabilidad que conducen el agua subterránea desde la Cordillera Principal, a través del Frente Occidental Andino, hasta los acuíferos aluviales adyacentes (recarga focalizada). Estos resultados indican que considerar el Frente Occidental Andino como un límite impermeable es, en parte, erróneo.

摘要

对水文地质过程的误解和对含水层概念模型的过度简化,导致地下水资源管理中存在诸多不准确之处。在智利中部,水文地质研究只集中于山谷(约占总面积的15%)冲积含水层,而山前带仍然被认为是零通量边界条件。通过拓扑方法和对断裂带的分析,确定了Aconcagua盆地Andean前缘西部和南北向Pocuro断层带(PFZ)的水文地质潜力。常年性泉(23)表明有地下水流入断裂的Principal Cordillera,拓扑可以量化断层带内连接裂缝的密度以及与地下水循环之间的关系。研究结果特别显示了裂缝和相连节点(Nc)密度高的两个区域(>2.4 km/km2,2.5 Nc/km2)。这两个区域在拓扑上都与PFZ的主要泉水有关:Termas de Jahuel(22°C时排泄量约14.0 m3/h)和Termas El Corazón(20°C时排泄量约7.2 m3/h)。地下水露头尺度的填图显示,NW–SE裂缝有地下水流出,这与PFZ内裂缝网络的优势方向(N30–60W)一致。研究结果表明,倾斜基底断层是离散的高渗透结构,它跨经Andean前缘西部将地下水从Principal Cordillera向上运送至相邻的冲积含水层(集中补给)。因此,将Andean前缘西部的水文地质条件过度简化(如不透水边界)是不完全正确的。

Riassunto

L’incomprensione dei processi idrogeologici insieme a la eccessiva semplificazione dei modelli concettuali delle falde acquifere possono portare a numerose imprecisioni nella gestione delle risorse idriche sotterranee. In Cile centrale (32–36°S), gli studi idrogeologici si sono concentrati esclusivamente sugli acquiferi alluvionali situati nelle valli (~15 % della superficie totale) mentre il contatto con il fronte di montagna rimane considerato come un limite senza flusso. Usando un approccio topologico e un’analisi delle fratture, è stato determinato il potenziale idrogeologico del Fronte Andino Occidentale lungo la Zona di Faglia Pocuro (ZFP) con orientazione N–S, nel bacino del Aconcagua. Le sorgenti perenni (23) mostrano l’evidenza di flussi di acqua sotterranea nelle rocce fratturate della Cordigliera Principale. La topologia ha permesso quantificare la densità delle fratture connesse associate alla zona di faglia e la loro relazione con la circolazione delle acque sotterranee. I risultati dello studio evidenziano due aree in cui la densità delle fratture e dei nodi connessi (Nc) è elevata (>2.4 km/km2, 2.5 Nc/km2). Entrambe le aree sono topologicamente correlate alle principali sorgenti della ZFP: Terme di Jahuel (portata ~14.0 m3/h a 22 °C) e Terme di El Corazón (portata ~7.2 m3/h a 20 °C). La mappatura degli affioramenti rivela che le acque sotterranee scorrono dalle fratture NW–SE, seguendo l’orientamento preferenziale della rete di fratture (N30–60W) all’interno della PFZ. I risultati indicano che le faglie oblique al basamento, sono strutture discrete ad alta permeabilità. Queste conducono le acque sotterranee attraverso il Fronte Andino Occidentale dalla Cordigliera Principale fino agli acquiferi alluvionali adiacenti (ricarica focalizzata). Pertanto, la visione idrogeologica che considera il Fronte Andino Occidentale come un limite senza flusso è parzialmente errata.

Resumo

O mal entendimento dos processos hidrogeológicos, juntamente com a simplificação excessiva de modelos conceituais dos aquíferos, resultam em inúmeras imprecisões na gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. Por uma abordagem topológica e uma análise de fraturas, foram determinados o potencial hidrogeológico da Frente Andina Ocidental na Bacia do Aconcagua e a Zona de Falha de Pocuro (ZFP) orientada a N–S. As nascentes perenes (23) apresentam as evidências de fluxos de água subterrânea na principal cordilheira fraturada. A topologia permite quantificar a densidade de fraturas conectadas dentro da zona de falha e sua relação com a circulação das águas subterrâneas. Os resultados do estudo destacam duas áreas em que a densidade de fraturas e nós conectados (Nc) é alta (>2.4 km/km2, 2.5 Nc/km2). Ambas as áreas estão topologicamente relacionadas às principais fontes da ZFP: Termas de Jahuel (vazão ~14.0 m3/h a 22 °C) e Termas El Corazón (vazão ~7.2 m3/h a 20 °C). O mapeamento em escala de afloramento revela que as águas subterrâneas têm fluxo de saída pelas fraturas NW–SE, o que é consistente com a orientação preferencial da rede de fraturas (N30–60W) dentro da ZFP. Os resultados indicam que falhas oblíquas de base são estruturas discretas de alta permeabilidade que conduzem as águas subterrâneas através da Frente Andina Ocidental, desde a Cordilheira Principal até os aquíferos aluviais adjacentes (foco de recarga). Portanto, a visão hidrogeológica simplista da Frente Andina Ocidental (ou seja, limite impermeável) é parcialmente errônea.

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Acknowledgements

We are really grateful to Termas de Jahuel and Termas El Corazón for facilitating our field work. Thanks to Björn Nyberg for the online support concerning the usage of the NetworkGT tool, and Omara Fernández for the English revision.

Funding

Financial support was exclusively provided by Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID) through the public funding programs: FONDECYT No. 1170569, FONDAP No. 15090013 (Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, CEGA), PCI-ITAL170012, ECOS-CONICYT No. 180055/C18U03 and also, by the project CAPTA-CORFO No. 19CTIGH-121349. The PhD studies of Taucare are funded by ANID-Beca Doctorado Nacional No. 21160325.

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Taucare, M., Viguier, B., Daniele, L. et al. Connectivity of fractures and groundwater flows analyses into the Western Andean Front by means of a topological approach (Aconcagua Basin, Central Chile). Hydrogeol J 28, 2429–2438 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02200-3

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