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Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China

Limites chimiques et isotopiques de l’origine des eaux salées d’une source chaude de la région côtière de l’est de la Chine

Condicionantes químicos e isotópicos del origen de las aguas salinas de una manantial termal en la zona costera oriental de China

中国东部沿海地区温泉咸水成因的化学和同位素约束

Restrições químicas e isotópicas na origem de águas salinas de uma fonte termal na zona costeira oriental da China

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Abstract

The Jimo hot spring in Shandong Peninsula, China, is a typical coastal geothermal system. The geothermal water has a very high salinity (10.8 g/L) and the origin of the salt is key to utilization of this geothermal resource. A systematic investigation of the hydrochemistry and isotopes (δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC and 14CDIC) of water from 14 geothermal wells was conducted. The results show that the geothermal waters from the high-temperature center and eastern part of the geothermal field are Cl-Na·Ca-type waters with Br/Cl (8 × 10−4–1.0 × 10−3), Na/Cl (0.63–0.70) and δ11B values (15.9–17.2‰) that are lower than those of seawater. The western geothermal waters are dominated by Cl-Na-type waters with Br/Cl and Na/Cl values similar to those of seawater. The depleted δD and δ18O compositions and the corrected 14CDIC age suggest that Jimo geothermal waters are mixtures of late Pleistocene to early Holocene and younger meteoric waters. An improved Br/Cl-Na/Cl diagram, ion mass balance calculations and δ11B values indicate that halite and K-salt dissolution and subsequent cation exchange formed the dominant Cl-Na·Ca-type geothermal water, and this was then modified into a small amount of Cl-Na-type water in the western area by mixing with minor seawater entrapped in the unconsolidated sediments. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.710613–0.710726) of the geothermal waters reflect water–rock reactions in the sandstone. The improved Br/Cl-Na/Cl diagram, Piper plot and boron isotopic dataset containing saline waters from coastal geothermal systems worldwide further confirm that the salinity in the Jimo geothermal water originated from dissolution of marine evaporites.

Résumé

La source chaude de Jimo, dans la Péninsule du Shandong (Chine), est un système géothermal côtier typique. L’eau géothermale a une salinité très élevée (10.8 g/L) et l’origine du sel est un point important de l’utilisation de cette ressource géothermale. Un examen systématique de l’hydrogéochimie et des isotopes (δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC and 14CDIC) de l’eau de 14 forages géothermaux a été opéré. Les résultats montrent que les eaux géothermales du centre à haute-température et de la partie est du champ géothermal sont des eaux de type Cl-Na-Ca avec des valeurs Br/Cl (8 × 10–4–1.0 × 10–3), Na/Cl (0.63–0.70) and δ11B values (15.9–17.2‰) inférieures à celles de l’eau de mer. Les eaux géothermales de l’ouest sont dominées par des eaux de type Cl-Na avec des valeurs de Br/Cl et Na/Cl comparables à celles de l’eau de mer. La composition appauvrie en δD and δ18O et l’âge 14CDIC corrigé suggèrent que les eaux géothermales de Jimo sont des mélanges d’eaux de la fin du Pliocène - début de l’Holocène et d’eaux météoriques plus récentes. Le diagramme Br/Cl-Na/Cl amélioré, les calculs du bilan de masse ionique et des valeurs de δ11B indiquent que la dissolution de l’halite et du sel de K et l’échange de cation subséquent ont produit une eau géothermale de type Cl-Na-Ca dominant et que celle-ci a été modifiée ensuite par l’apport d’une petite quantité d’eau de type Cl-Na dans la zone ouest, par mélange d’une eau à rapport Br/Cl-Na/Cl amélioré avec une eau de mer en faible quantité piégée dans des sédiments non consolidés. Les teneurs en 87Sr/86Sr (0.710613–0.710726) des eaux géothermales traduisent des réactions eau–roche dans les grès. Le diagramme Br/Cl-Na/Cl amélioré, le diagramme de Piper et la base de données sur les isotopes du bore, intégrant les eaux salines provenant des systèmes géothermaux côtiers du monde entier, confirment encore davantage que la salinité de l’eau géothermale de Jimo provient de la dissolution d’évaporites marines.

Resumen

El manantial termal de Jimo en la península de Shandong, China, es un típico sistema geotérmico costero. El agua geotérmica tiene una salinidad muy alta (10,8 g/L) y el origen de la sal es clave para la utilización de este recurso. Se llevó a cabo una investigación sistemática de la hidroquímica y los isótopos (δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC y 14CDIC) del agua de 14 pozos geotérmicos. Los resultados muestran que las aguas geotérmicas del centro de alta temperatura y de la parte oriental del campo geotérmico son aguas de tipo Cl-Na-Ca con valores de Br/Cl (8 × 10–4–1.0 × 10–3), Na/Cl (0.63–0.70) y δ11B (15.9–17.2‰) que son inferiores a los del agua de mar. Las aguas geotérmicas occidentales están dominadas por aguas de tipo Cl-Na con valores de Br/Cl y Na/Cl similares a los del agua de mar. Las composiciones empobrecidas de δD y δ18O y la edad corregida del 14CDIC sugieren que las aguas geotérmicas de Jimo son mezclas de aguas meteóricas de finales del Pleistoceno a principios del Holoceno y más jóvenes. Un diagrama Br/Cl-Na/Cl mejorado, los cálculos de balance de masa iónica y los valores de δ11B indican que la disolución de halita y de la sal de K y el subsiguiente intercambio catiónico formaron el agua geotérmica dominante de tipo Cl-Na-Ca, y ésta fue luego modificada en una pequeña cantidad de agua de tipo Cl-Na en la zona occidental al mezclarse con agua de mar menor atrapada en los sedimentos no consolidados. Las proporciones 87Sr/86Sr (0.710613–0.710726) de las aguas geotérmicas reflejan las reacciones agua–roca en la arenisca. El diagrama mejorado de Br/Cl-Na/Cl, el gráfico de Piper y el conjunto de datos isotópicos de boro que contiene las aguas salinas de los sistemas geotérmicos costeros de todo el mundo confirman aún más que la salinidad en el agua geotérmica de Jimo se originó por la disolución de evaporitas marinas.

摘要

中国山东半岛即墨温泉是典型的沿海地热系统。地热水具有很高的盐度(10.8 g/L),而盐的来源是利用这种地热资源的关键。对14口地热井水的水化学和同位素(δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC 和 14CDIC)进行了系统研究。结果表明,温度场高温中心和东部的地热水为Cl-Na·Ca型水,Br/Cl(8 × 10–4–1.0 × 10–3),Na/Cl(0.63–0.70)和δ11B值(15.9–17.2‰)低于海水。西部地热水以Cl-Na型水为主,Br/Cl和Na/Cl值与海水相似。贫化的δD和δ18O值以及校正的14CDIC年龄表明,即墨地热水是晚更新世至全新世早期和较年轻的大气降水的混合物。改进的Br/Cl-Na/Cl图,离子质量平衡计算和δ11B值表明,岩盐和钾盐的溶解以及随后的阳离子交换形成了主导的Cl-Na·Ca型地热水,然后通过与未固结沉积物中夹带的少量海水混合,在西部地区形成少量Cl-Na型水。地热水的87Sr/86Sr比(0.710613–0.710726)反映了砂岩中的水岩反应。改进的Br/Cl-Na/Cl图,Piper图和含有来自全世界沿海地热系统的咸水的硼同位素数据集进一步证实,即墨地热水中的盐分来源于海相蒸发岩的溶解。

Resumo

A fonte termal de Jimo na península de Shandong, na China, é um sistema geotérmico costeiro típico. A água geotérmica possui uma salinidade muito alta (10.8 g/L) e a origem do sal é essencial para a utilização desse recurso geotérmico. Foi conduzida uma investigação sistemática da hidroquímica e isótopos (δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC e 14CDIC) da água de 14 poços geotérmicos. Os resultados mostram que as águas geotérmicas do centro de alta temperatura e da parte leste do campo geotérmico são águas do tipo Cl-Na·Ca com valores Br/Cl (8 × 10–4–1.0 × 10–3), Na/Cl (0.63–0.70) e δ11B (15.9–17.2‰) inferiores aos da água do mar. As águas geotérmicas ocidentais são dominadas por águas do tipo Cl-Na com valores de Br/Cl e Na/Cl semelhantes aos da água do mar. As composições δD δ18O depletadas e a idade 14CDIC corrigida sugerem que as águas geotérmicas de Jimo são misturas do Pleistoceno tardio ao Holoceno inicial e às águas meteorológicas mais jovens. Um diagrama Br/Cl-Na/Cl aprimorado, cálculos do balanço de massa de íons e valores de δ11B indicam que a dissolução do halito e do sal K e a subsequente troca catiônica formaram a água geotérmica dominante do tipo Cl-Na·Ca, e isso foi modificado para pequena quantidade de água do tipo Cl-Na na área ocidental, misturando com água do mar menor aprisionada nos sedimentos não consolidados. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0.710613–0.710726) das águas geotérmicas refletem as reações rocha–água no arenito. O diagrama Br/Cl-Na/Cl aprimorado, o gráfico de Piper e o conjunto de dados isotópico de boro contendo águas salinas de sistemas geotérmicos costeiros em todo o mundo confirmam ainda que a salinidade na água geotérmica de Jimo se originou da dissolução de evaporitos marinhos.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge Yunqi Ma from the Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for analyses of boron isotopes. Constructive comments by two reviewers, Christopher Eastoe and Rahim Bagheri, as well as the efforts of the editor Jean-Michel Lemieux and associate editor Philipp Weis, are gratefully appreciated. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant 41877209) and the Jimo Thermal Power Plant Company.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong, Jiao Tian, Dawei Liao & Yifan Fan

  2. Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong, Jiao Tian, Dawei Liao & Yifan Fan

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong, Jiao Tian, Dawei Liao & Yifan Fan

  4. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China

    Yingchun Wang

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  1. Yinlei Hao
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  2. Zhonghe Pang
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  3. Yanlong Kong
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Correspondence to Zhonghe Pang.

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Hao, Y., Pang, Z., Kong, Y. et al. Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China. Hydrogeol J 28, 2457–2475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02199-7

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