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Large inputs of groundwater and associated fluxes of alkalinity and nutrients into Jiaozhou Bay, China

Grands apports d’eau souterraine et de flux associés d’alcalinité et de nutriments dans la baie de Jiaozhou, Chine

Aportes de agua subterránea y flujos asociados a la alcalinidad y nutrientes en la Bahía de Jiaozhou, China

中国胶州湾地下水和相关的碱度和营养盐的大量排入

Grandes entradas de águas subterrâneas e fluxos associados de alcalinidade e nutrientes na Baía de Jiaozhou, China

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Abstract

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as a major source of alkalinity has rarely been studied in Jiaozhou Bay, China. The presented study used radon (222Rn) and radium isotopes to investigate SGD and its influence on alkalinity and nutrient inputs into the bay. Time-series observations of 222Rn were used to quantify groundwater dynamics over tidal time scales and the results showed that the SGD rates at point-scale were 0–67.2 (mean: 17.8) cm/day and 0–43.6 (mean: 12.3) cm/day in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Using radium mass balance models, the SGD in the whole bay was estimated to be (1.29–2.60) × 107 m3/day in wet season and (5.81–6.83) × 106 m3/day in dry season. Thus, both sets of results indicated higher SGD fluxes in wet season than in dry season. Such a seasonal variation pattern suggests a rapid response to local precipitation. The alkalinity fluxes associated with SGD were generally greater than those from the local rivers. Among the nutrient sources, SGD contributed about 63, 24 and 37% of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen, reactive phosphorus and silicate inputs, respectively. These results demonstrated that groundwater seepage is a major factor driving alkalinity and nutrients (especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen) into Jiaozhou Bay. SGD may have an important influence on the budgets of elements (C, N, P) and ecological environments in coastal waters.

Résumé

L’apport principal en alcalinité des sorties sous-marines d’eau souterraine (SGD) a été peu étudié dans la Baie de Jiaozhou en Chine. Cette présente étude a utilisé le radon (222Rn) et les isotopes du radium pour investiguer les SGD et leur influence sur l’alcalinité et les apports en nutriment dans la baie. Les séries chronologiques des observations du 222Rn ont été utilisées pour quantifier la dynamique des eaux souterraines à l’échelle du temps des marées et les résultats ont montré que les vitesses ponctuelles au niveau des SGD étaient de 0–67.2 (moyenne: 17.8) cm/jour et 0–43.6 (moyenne: 12.3) cm/jour en saisons humide et sèche, respectivement. En utilisant des modèles d’équilibre de masse du radium, le SGD dans l’ensemble de la baie a été estimée à (1.29–2.60) × 107 m3/jour en saison humide et (5.81–6.83) × 106 m3/jour en saison sèche. Ainsi, les deux ensembles de résultats ont indiqué des flux SGD plus élevés en saison humide qu’en saison sèche. Une telle variation saisonnière suggère une réponse rapide aux précipitations locales. Les flux alcalins associés aux SGD étaient généralement plus importants que ceux associés aux rivières locales. Parmi les sources de nutriments, les SGD ont contribué à environ 63, 24 et 37% des apports en azote inorganique dissous total, phosphore réactif et silicate, respectivement. Ces résultats ont démontré que les apports d’eaux souterraines dans la baie de Jiaozhou est un facteur majeur de contrôle de l’alcalinité et des nutriments (spécialement l’azote inorganique dissous). Les SGD peuvent avoir une influence importante sur les bilans de masse des éléments (C, N, P) et les environnements écologiques des eaux côtières.

Resumen

La descarga submarina de aguas subterráneas (SGD) como fuente principal de alcalinidad ha sido rara vez estudiada en la Bahía de Jiaozhou, China. El estudio presentado utilizó isótopos de radón (222Rn) y radio para investigar la SGD y su influencia en la alcalinidad y los aportes de nutrientes a la bahía. Se utilizaron observaciones en serie temporal de 222Rn para cuantificar la dinámica de las aguas subterráneas en escalas temporales de mareas y los resultados mostraron que las tasas de SGD en escala puntual eran de 0–67.2 (media: 17.8) cm/día y 0–43.6 (media: 12.3) cm/día en las estaciones húmeda y seca, respectivamente. Utilizando modelos de equilibrio de masa del radio, se estimó que el SGD en toda la bahía era de (1.29–2.60) × 107 m3/día en la estación húmeda y (5.81–6.83) × 106 m3/día en la estación seca. Por lo tanto, ambos conjuntos de resultados indicaron mayores flujos de SGD en la estación húmeda que en la seca. Tal patrón de variación estacional sugiere una respuesta rápida a la precipitación local. Los flujos de alcalinidad asociados a la SGD fueron generalmente mayores que los de los ríos locales. Entre las fuentes de nutrientes, la SGD contribuyó con cerca del 63, 24 y 37% del total de las entradas de nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto, fósforo reactivo y silicato, respectivamente. Estos resultados demostraron que la filtración de las aguas subterráneas es un factor importante que impulsa la alcalinidad y los nutrientes (especialmente el nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto) en la Bahía de Jiaozhou. El SGD puede tener una importante influencia en los balances de los elementos (C, N, P) y en los entornos ecológicos de las aguas costeras.

摘要

海底地下水排泄(SGD)是中国胶州湾碱度的主要来源,但很少进行研究。本项研究使用氡(222Rn)和镭同位素研究了SGD及其对碱度和营养盐输入海湾的影响。使用观测的222Rn的时间序列数据来量化潮汐时间尺度上的地下水动力机制,结果表明点尺度下的SGD速率在雨季和旱季分别为0–67.2(平均:17.8)cm/day和0–43.6(平均:12.3)cm/day。使用镭质量平衡模型,估计整个海湾在雨季的SGD为(1.29–2.60) × 107 m3/day,而在旱季为(5.81–6.83) × 106 m3/day。因此,两组结果均表明,雨季的SGD通量高于旱季。这种季节性变化模式表明对局部降水有快速响应。与SGD相关的碱度通量通常大于当地河流的碱度通量。在营养盐来源中,SGD贡献分别贡献了总溶解无机氮,活性磷和硅酸盐的63%,24%和37%。这些结果表明,地下渗流是驱动胶州湾碱度和营养盐(特别是溶解的无机氮)的主要因素。 SGD可能会对沿海水域元素(C,N,P)的平衡和生态环境产生重要影响。

Resumo

A descarga submarina de águas subterrâneas (DSAS) como uma fonte principal de alcalinidade foi raramente estudada na Baía de Jiaozhou, China. O presente estudo utilizou Radônio (222Rn) e isótopos de rádio para investigar a DSAS e a sua influência na alcalinidade e entradas de nutrientes na baía. Séries temporais de observações de 222Rn foram utilizadas para quantificar a dinâmica das águas subterrâneas em escala de tempo de marés e os resultados mostraram que as taxas de DSAS em escala pontual foram de 0–67.2 (média: 17.8) cm/dia e 0–43.6 (média: 12.3) cm/dia nas estações úmida e seca, respectivamente. Utilizando modelos de balanço de massa de rádio, a DSAS em toda a baía foi estimada em (1.29–2.60) × 107m3/dia na estação úmida e (5.81–6.83) × 106 m3/dia na estação seca. Portanto, ambos os resultados indicam taxas mais altas de DSAS na estação úmida do que na estação seca. Padrões tão sazonais de variação sugerem uma rápida resposta a precipitação local. Os fluxos de alcalinidade associados com DSAS foram geralmente maiores que aqueles de rios locais. Dentre as fontes de nutrientes, a DSAS contribui com cerca de 63, 24 e 37% do nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido, fósforo reativo e silicato, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstram que a infiltração de águas subterrâneas é um fator preponderante na condução de alcalinidade e nutrientes (especialmente nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido) na Baía de Jiaozhou. DSAS podem ter uma influência importante nas reservas de elementos (C, N, P) e ambientes ecológicos em águas costeiras.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank An An, Xiaoting Lu, Meng Zhang, Yanman Li, Manhua Luo, and Xiaolang Zhang for their field work. The data used to support the findings of this study are available in the ESM.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41,430,641, 41,890,852) and the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program, Grant Nos. 2015CB452901 and 2015CB452902).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environment Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Yan Zhang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Yan Zhang & Hailong Li

  3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Xuejing Wang & Hailong Li

  4. Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Dehai Song

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  1. Yan Zhang
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Correspondence to Hailong Li.

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Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Li, H. et al. Large inputs of groundwater and associated fluxes of alkalinity and nutrients into Jiaozhou Bay, China. Hydrogeol J 28, 1721–1734 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02144-8

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